The aim of the study was to explore the possibility that propolis can control diabetes mellitus and prevent diabetic osteopathy in rats. The study compared 60 streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, with ten nondiabetic rats used as a negative control. The experimental design comprised seven groups (n = 10 rats per group): (1) nondiabetic, used as a negative control; (2) nontreated, used as a positive control; (3) treated with insulin alone; (4) treated with a single dose of propolis alone; (5) treated with a double dose of propolis; (6) treated with insulin and a single dose of propolis; and (7) treated with insulin and a double dose of propolis. After 6 weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed. Ratios of femur ash to femur weight and of femur weight to body weight (FW/BW) were calculated and calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations in femur ash were estimated and analyzed. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), plasma insulin and glucagon, serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH), and calcitonin levels were also estimated and analyzed. There was significant reduction in FBG in all diabetic treated rats. Similarly, higher plasma insulin levels were observed in diabetic rats treated with propolis and insulin than in nontreated diabetic rats, although plasma insulin was not comparatively higher in diabetic rats treated with insulin alone. Serum TBARS was significantly lower in the propolis treated rats than the diabetic nontreated rats. No differences in PTH and calcitonin levels were observed among treatment groups. The FW/BW ratio was significantly higher in diabetic treated groups than in control groups. Furthermore, diabetic rats treated with propolis and insulin had significantly higher Ca, P, and Mg concentrations in femoral ash than nontreated diabetic rats and diabetic rats treated with insulin alone. In conclusion, propolis has a remarkable effect on glucose homeostasis and bone mineralization.

Daily exposure to the stressor whether distress or eustress increase production of some hormones such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, dopamine and serotonin and other. A group of them mainly function as excitatory and other function as inhibitory. However, the body reacts differently to distress and eustress while both secrete the same hormones. in case of flight to flight action that occur during distress, the interaction of these hormones enhances the body to be more focus on the surrounding environment, by stimulating senses memory, sight, hearing and other senses become sharper, however, long exposure to these hormones is dangerous on the heath. This body response should help to overcome adversity, whereas the body has different response it can be a positive or negative reaction, dealing with stress can be difficult, mindset and lifestyle have an enormous impact on stress which can help to adapt to stress reaction and utilization the hormonal interaction to get positive performance.

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com cancer diagnosis, determining prognosis, surveillance following curative surgery for cancer, Tumor markers are playing an increasingly important role in cancer detection and management.In case of testicular cancer diagnosis/case finding, staging, prognosis determination, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) are recommended, they play an important role as serum tumor markers for in the staging and monitoring of germ cell tumors. 2But what the relationship between HCG serum levels and germ cell testicular tumors? Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)HCG is a glycoprotein hormone composed of two dissimilar subunits, α and β, joined noncovalently. It is produced by trophoblast tissue in pregnancy and trophoblast disease and in small amounts by certain poorly differentiated cancers. The α-subunit of HCG is similar to that of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones. It is produced principally by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta but may also be produced by nontrophoblastic tissues including normal pituitary and neoplastic cells.3 It is normal for non-pregnant women and men to make very small amounts of HCG, with blood levels less than 5mIU/ mL. If HCG is high in non-pregnant women or men, it may indicate cancer. 4 Where used in malignant causes as tumor marker which is secreted by some cancers including choriocarcinoma, endometrium, and ovarian carcinoma. HCG is elevated in most type of testicular cancer seminomas and non-seminoma germ cell testicular tumors.It has been found that HCG possesses a role in the angiogenic process in vivo and in vitro by increasing capillary formation and endothelial cell migration, also, hCG-induced neovascularization. HCG may regulate vascular neoformation through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). 5HCG contains five acidic asparagines-linked sugar chains. These five sugar chains are derived by sialylation from three neutral oligosaccharides: two biantennary (N-1 and N-2) and one monoantennary (N-3) complex-type oligosaccharides. The malignant transformational change of the sugar moiety of HCG can be explained by an increase of a fucosyltransferas. 6 Which indicate that N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV (GnT-IV) is abnormally expressed in the malignant cells. There are independent variants of HCG, each produced by different cells with separate biological functions. Multiple molecular variants of HCG include intact HCG, nicked HCG (hCGn), free β-subunit HCG (hCGβ), nicked free β-subunit HCG (hCGβn), free α-subunit hCG (hCGα), and the β-core fragment hCG (hCGβcf). In addition, HCG is differentially glycosylated in various tissues, resulting in a range of molecular forms from hypoglycosylated to hyperglycosylated. So-called hyperglycosylated HCG (hCG-h) is probably the best known of these glycosylated variants, 8 each one of them sharing the common amino acid sequence but each differing in meric structure and carbohydrate side chain structure.Hcg that produced by trophoblast cells...

The immune system is a defense system, both children, and adult have the same reaction toward pathogen, uses multiple defense mechanisms evolved to recognize and neutralize pathogens also have the ability to distinguish self from non-self cells, but in case of Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that cause chicken pox, the immune system reacts differently in young healthy adult usually have an aggressive reaction serious complications can lead to death, compare with children infection is usually mild. This overview illustrates the chickenpox and difference of immune response between the children and young adult toward infection with the varicella-zoster virus.

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