Objective To describe the natural history of fetuses presenting with pleural effusion.Methods Between January 2005 and December 2009 all fetuses diagnosed with pleural effusion were followed up. Fetuses were divided into three groups: I, isolated pleural effusion; II, associated structural anomalies but normal karyotype; and III, chromosomal anomalies. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association between prenatal ultrasound findings and perinatal death.Results Fifty-six fetuses were included in the study. Associated structural or chromosomal anomalies occurred in 75.0% (42/56) of cases. Bilateral pleural effusion and fetal hydrops were associated with each other (p < 0.01) and with perinatal death (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis indicated that only the presence of associated abnormalities was a statistical determinant of perinatal death (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.48-5.64; p < 0.01).Conclusion Fetal pleural effusion is often associated with other abnormalities, and this association has poor perinatal outcome.

Students who participated in the league had improvement in knowledge evaluation tests, suggesting that the league is a useful teaching instrument that can provide improved learning of anesthesiology. Participation in activities was connected with improved performance. Activities developed in leagues may have a positive role in students' academic education, more specifically in this article, in anesthesiology.

Background and objectives: Academic leagues have been consolidated as instruments of medical teaching and for the introducing of medical students to practice of specialties, including anesthesiology. As the role of leagues in the development process of competencies and learning of their students is not well known, the learning of members of an anesthesiology academic league was evaluated after participating in its activities for one year.

Fetal total lung volumes may be useful for the prediction of perinatal outcomes in primary pleural effusion.

Abstract. The infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV)is the origin of several cancers around the world. In some areas of Brazil, cervical carcinoma is still the cancer with the highest incidence among women. After epithelial cell transformation by HPV, several molecular events are observed, resulting in the malignant phenotype. In this review we discuss potential molecular targets for therapeutic interventions in human HPV-related carcinomas, with emphasis on cervical cancer, based on the alterations observed in the signaling transduction pathways caused by HPV infection. With a special attention to tyrosine kinase receptors, and other kinases involved in signal transduction and angiogenesis, these pathological alterations are evaluated as novel targets for anticancer therapies in HPV-related carcinomas.