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Juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (1.05 ± 0.1 g) were fed during 4-week with four experimental diets: control (Ctrl), inulin as prebiotic (5 g kg-1) (Pre), Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. as probiotic (1 x 105 CFU g-1) (Pro), and a mix of inulin + B. subtilis and Lactobacillus sp. (5 g kg-1 + 1 x 105 CFU g-1) (Syn). Shrimps fed Syn diet showed significantly better feed utilization and higher growth than those in control diet (P < 0.05). The probiotic employed induced higher intestinal bacterial richness, whereas inulin in feed induced higher bacterial diversity in shrimp intestine. The most dominant bacterial phylum in the shrimp intestine among treatments was Proteobacteria with abundance ranging between 80 and 84 %. Prebiotic diet (Pre) increased relative abundance of Firmicutes in shrimp intestine (2 %) compared to the rest of the treatments (0.6 %). Nevertheless, when probiotics were included in the feed (Pro and Syn), a reduction between 3 and 13 % in the relative abundance of Vibrio sp. in shrimp intestine was observed respect to the control treatment, which represent an advantage to control potential pathogens of this genus.

This article describes and analyzes the image which the Spanish press disseminated of the 8,298 Spanish workers who participated in the building of the Panama Canal between 1906 and 1909. Our investigation is based on the hypothesis that the Spanish workers in Panama were the subject of a fiery controversy between the different political parties and journalistic enterprises in Spain in that period. In fact, the newspapers were a forum for important debates about the advantages and disadvantages of the recruitment of operatives, above all those from Galicia, to work in Panama under the orders of the United States government. While the conservative press wrote about the more technical aspects of the project, those which spoke for the left and workers´ movements openly criticized the way that the U.S. government treated the Spanish workers. In general, the press had a very critical attitude towards the conditions they worked in at the Canal and the treatment of Spanish laborers, but it depended on the circumstances of Spanish politics and the pressures of the government of the United States.

Resumen: El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es aproximarse a la significación histórica de la prensa inmigrante portuguesa en los Estados Unidos de América, prestando especial atención a aquellos elementos de carácter narrativo que han contribuído a crear un discurso simbólico y a dar un sentido trascendente y etnocéntrico a la presencia portuguesa en Norteamérica. Mediante una aproximación cuantitativa y cualitativa que emplea técnicas de análisis del discurso, el artículo intenta ofrecer una radiografía general sobre los aspectos más paradigmáticos de la narrrativa periodística de este tipo de prensa relacionados con el imaginario cultural lusófono en Estados Unidos.Abstract: The main objective of this work is to approach the historical significance of the Portuguese immigrant press in the United States of America, paying special attention to those elements of a narrative nature that have contributed to create a symbolic discourse and to give a transcendental and ethnocentric meaning to the Portuguese presence in North America. Through a quantitative and qualitative approach that uses techniques of discourse analysis, the article intends to offer a general radiography on the most paradigmatic aspects of the journalistic narrative of this type of press related to the Portuguese-American cultural imaginary in the United States.

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