The history of Lithuanian psychology parallels the sociopolitical history of the country. Due to repeated occupations of the country and other unfavorable conditions, scientific thought and innovations were delayed for decades. Development of psychology in Lithuania can be divided in three periods: (1) interwar (1918–1940), (2) Soviet occupation (1940–1990), and (3) regained independence (since 1990). Institutionalization of psychology is analyzed in four aspects: research, development of studies, applied practice, and scientific communication. The beginning of the professional psychology in Lithuania is inseparable from the establishment and activity of the University of Lithuania (later Vytautas Magnus University). Major tasks and activities that the first Lithuanian psychologists undertook during the interwar period were the dissemination of scientific psychological knowledge. Scientific research was consistent with the tendencies established in European psychology, in particular German psychology. During the Soviet period one of the positive facts was an increasing number of professional psychologists due to the renewal of studies (including doctoral studies) in psychology at Vilnius University. However, Lithuania never had state-supported institutions for scientific research in psychology. Due to the restoration of independence in 1990, more educational establishments (at present five universities) provide instruction for psychologists, new curricula of studies are being launched according to the internationally confirmed standard, the relationship of psychology with various practical fields is strengthening, and numerous institutions offer a wide variety of psychological services.

BackgroundOne of the usual problems psychologists and clinicians face in clinical practice is differential diagnostics of Alzheimer’s disease and depression. It has been reported that the ACE and ACE-R could discriminate the cognitive dysfunctions due to depression from that due to dementia, although this is not uniform in all studies. The current study aimed to evaluate the utility of the ACE-R to differentiate late-life onset depression (with severe episode) from mild-moderate Alzheimer’s Disease (AD).MethodsThis study received approval from the Lithuanian Bioethics Committee. All participants were older than 50 years (mean age = 66.52 (±8.76) years). The study sample consisted of 295 individuals: 117 with severe depression, 85 with mild-moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and 94 age, gender and education matched participants of control group.ResultsThe ACE-R had high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (81%) at detecting cognitive impairments related to AD. Patients with late-life onset depression (ACE-R mean 76.82, SD = 7.36) performed worse than controls (ACE-R mean 85.08, SD = 7.2), but better than the AD group (ACE-R mean 54.74, SD = 12.19). Participants with late-life onset depression were differentiated by mild impairment in the ACE-R total score with mild memory (13.79, SD = 6.29) and greater deficits in letter fluency (3.65, SD = 1.21) than in semantic fluency (4.68, SD = 1.23). Participants with AD were differentiated by severely impaired performance on attention and orientation (11.80, SD = 2.93), memory (8.25, SD = 3.47) and language subtests (17.21, SD = 4.04), and moderately impaired performance on verbal fluency (6.07, SD = 2.74).ConclusionsACE-R has diagnostic accuracy in detecting people with AD and can be used in differential diagnostics of late-life onset depression (severe episode) and AD. Diagnostic accuracy may be improved by analyzing the neuropsychological profiles and using lower cutoffs for different age groups.

Šiame tyrime siekiama įvertinti įvairius požiūrio į savo kūną aspektus, būdingus jauno suaugusiojo amžiaus lietuviams. Straipsnyje pateikta glausta tyrimų apžvalga rodo, kad dažniausiai tiriami paskiri savo kūno vaizdo aspektai. Savo kūno vaizdas – daugiamatis reiškinys. Todėl mūsų tyrimo tikslas buvo pažvelgti į kūno vaizdą ne kaip į visumą, o į požiūrio į kūną komponentus ir jų sąsajas su lytimi, amžiumi bei šeimine padėtimi. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad moterų ir vyrų pasitenkinimas savo kūnu skiriasi – moterys yra labiau susirūpinusios savo kūno svoriu, forma ir tam tikromis kūno sritimis, jos skiria daugiau svarbos savo fizinei išvaizdai ir ją prižiūri. Požiūris į savo kūną yra susijęs su amžimi ir partnerio turėjimu. Straipsnyje taip pat aptariami kultūriniai požiūrio į savo kūną komponentų skirtumai, lyginami amerikiečiai ir lietuviai.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: požiūris į savo kūną, jaunas suaugusysis, pasitenkinimas kūnu, subjektyvi gyvenimo kokybė, demografiniai kintamieji.Body image relationship with demographic variablesin young adultsMiškinytė A., Bagdonas A. SummaryThis study is aimed to evaluate different attitudinal body image components that are characteristic specifically of youth Lithuanians. This kind of study is one of the first in this country. The article presents a brief review of recent studies concerning body image and points out that mostly separate aspects of body image are being reported on in the literature. Body image is a multidimensional phenomenon. Therefore, the aim of this study was to consider the attitudinal body image not in total, but in its different components and their relationship to gender, age and marital status.The study cohort comprised 419 students (1st to 6th year and residential doctors) of Vilnius University, Vilnius Pedagogical University, Vytautas Magnus University and Kaunas University of Medicine; of them, 78% were women and 22% men. The age of the respondents varied from 18 to 39 years (mean, 21.99 ± 3.46 years, men’s mean age 22.24 years (±3.87 years) and women’s 21.91 (±3.34 years). More than half of the respondents were single or separated (66,3% men and 64,8% women, respectively), more than one third reported having a girl/boy-friend, being married or living together with their partner. Women (28.8%) reported more often being married or living with partner than men (21.7%).The following methods of measuring different aspects of body image were used in this study: the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire – Appearance Scales (MBSRQ – AS), Appearance Schemas Inventory – Revised (ASI-R), Short Form of the Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria (SIBID-S), Body Image Quality of Life Inventory (BIQLI).The results were follows: (1) body satisfaction is different for men and women: women are more concerned with their body weight, shape and some body parts (especially lower torso and their hair), they attend to and invest in their physical appearance more often than men; (2) younger men and women relate their self-worth with their looks more often than older men and women. Younger men are more-appearance oriented. Younger women report more dysfunctional attitudes towards their appearance, although they report a higher subjective quality of life than older women; (3) partnership in women is related with a better evaluation of one’s appearance, less dysfunctional attitudes towards their appearance and less negative emotions concerning their body. Partnership in men is related to a higher subjective quality of life; (4) American men and women in comparison with Lithuanian subjects report placing more importance on their looks, are more concerned with their body weight, they report more dysfunctional attitudes towards their bodies and report more body image dysphoria. American women report being overweight more often, are more often dissatisfied with different body parts and report lower subjective quality of life than Lithuanian women.Keywords: attitudinal body image, young adult, body satisfaction, subjective quality of life, demographic variables.

Straipsnyje analizuojama psichologijos institucionalizacijos -jos diegimo ir virtimo tiek visateisiu mokslu, tiek reglamentuojama profesija -raida Lietuvos Respublikos pastarųjų 100 metų istorijos kontekste. Psichologijos institucionalizacijos procesas analizuojamas pagal 10 profesijai (ir mokslui) svarbiausių kriterijų: 1) socialinis užsakymas (profesijos poreikis); 2) profesijos reglamentavimas; 3) profesinės veiklos teisinis pagrindas ir psichologo teisės bei pareigos; 4) visuomenės pasitikėjimas ir autoritetas; 5) profesinės kompetencijos kontrolė; 6) tyrimai ir vieta mokslo bei praktikos klasifikacijose; 7) profesijos mokymas; 8) profesinė ir mokslinė komunikacija; 9) vertybės ir etika; 10) profesinis susireguliavimas (asociacijos). Bendra išvada tokia: nors psichologijos, kaip ir daugelio kitų mokslų, raidos pradžia Lietuvoje vėlavo, pastarųjų trijų dešimtmečių psichologijos institucionalizacijos procesas buvo toks spartus, kad atsilikimo nebeliko faktiškai pagal visus profesijos kriterijus. Psichologija tapo indigenizuota profesija -susieta su šalies kultūra profesionalų moksline ir praktine veikla. Šio mokslo raida glaudžiai susijusi su Lietuvos modernios tautinės valstybės raida. Lietuvos pastarojo šimtmečio raidos etapai -tai ir psichologijos institucionalizacijos etapai. Straipsnio pabaigoje aptariami svarbesni Lietuvos psichologijos bruožai.

Santrauka. Straipsnyje analizuojamos Pasaulio sveikatos organizacijos (PSO) Tarptautinės funkcionavimo klasifikacijos (TFK) biopsichosocialinės prieigos taikymo senatvės ir senų žmo-Per pastaruosius du dešimtmečius labai suintensyvėjo senatvės tyrimai visais lygmenimis: kū-niškuoju, psichologiniu ir socialiniu ekonominiu. Tai rodo gausybė senatvės problematikai skirtų žurnalų, knygų, dėstomų dalykų. Netgi Lietuva -neturtinga šalis randa lėšų senatvės tyrimams finansuoti -Lietuvos mokslų tarybos (LMT) parengta Nacionalinė programa Sveikas senėjimas. Finansiškai remiami senatvės tyrimams skirti projektai ir pagal kitas nacionalines ar žinybų programas. Lietuva tolydžio įsitraukia į Europos periodinių senėjimo ir išėjimo pensijon tyrimų programą SHARE (Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe). Plėtojantis senatvės tyrimams, kuriant tokių tyrimų priemones ar pateikiant viešam diskursui jų rezultatus, būtina susitarti dėl tam skirtų terminų vartojimo, tyrimo planavimo, leidžiančių palyginti gautus rezultatus su jau atliktais ar kitose šalyse vykdomais tyrimais. Tiek biomedicinoje, tiek psichologijoje