Describing the auditory periphery of odontocetes is a key conservation issue to further assess the effect of acoustic pollution. Because all odontocetes produce species-specific frequency ranges, differences in echolocation signals should reflect anatomical differences in the auditory pathways. Here, we studied the ears of 15 odontocete species through 3D reconstructions from computerized tomography scans to extract standard measurements (bullae lengths/volumes and cochlear volume) and investigate the discriminatory weight of each of these variables as well as their relation to the species' hearing specificity. Any of the measurements appeared to be a good indicator of the species and could therefore be used to classify them. All the ear lengths and most volumes were strongly linearly correlated (r >0.9) in all species and the proportion between the tympanic and periotic bones appeared to remain constant. This constant ratio could be an indication of a functional relationship between both structures, and might suggest an active role of the odontocete middle ear during target acoustic detection, providing new information on the odontocete sound reception mechanism. Our results are generally consistent with previous studies, although here the coefficients of correlation between animal lengths and the total volume and lengths of the bullae were lower (0.77< r <0.86), indicating that the length of the animals may not be a primary parameter to take into account when defining ear measurements. These results suggest that the measurements described characterize standard ears which could be used as a morphological basis for further species-specific acoustic comparison.

Multidisciplinariedad, Interdisciplinariedad y Transdisciplinariedad en la Formación para La Investigación en Ingeniería Multidisciplinariedad, interdisciplinariedad y transdisciplinariedad en la formación para la investigación en ingeniería* Palabras clave: estrategia de formación por proyectos, ingeniería, interdisciplinariedad, investigación, multidisciplinariedad, transdisciplinariedad. Multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity, and transdisciplinarity in training for engineering research Abstract Introduction. Nowadays, engineering schools are faced with complex needs in realities that are often alien to them and transcend disciplinary limits. The efforts to understand this result in the implementation of conceptualization spaces oriented towards the articulation of processes coherent with the institutional work and the policies of accreditation in high quality. Objective. To analyze relevant aspects of research training in the School of Engineering of the American University Corporation considering the challenges imposed by the disciplinary, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and / or transdisciplinary tensions of sciences. Materials and methods. Disciplinarity, Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, and Transdisciplinarity concepts are studied from their relationship with training. Subsequently, perceptions of students in research training processes are identified through an exploratory analysis of results obtained from an evaluation survey of a transdisciplinary activity called Palavras chave: estratégia de formação por projetos, engenharia, interdisciplinariedade, investigação, multidisciplinariedade, transdisciplinariedade.

PurposeFew people living in informal settlements in the Global South spontaneously claim that they are “resilient” or “adapting” to disaster risk or climate change. Surely, they often overcome multiple challenges, including natural hazards exacerbated by climate change. Yet their actions are increasingly examined through the framework of resilience, a notion developed in the North, and increasingly adopted in the South. To what extent eliminate’ do these initiatives correspond to the concepts that scholars and authorities place under the resilience framework?Design/methodology/approachThree longitudinal case studies in Yumbo, Salgar and San Andrés (Colombia) serve to investigate narratives of disaster risks and responses to them. Methods include narrative analysis from policy and project documents, presentations, five workshops, six focus groups and 24 interviews.FindingsThe discourse adopted by most international scholars and local authorities differs greatly from that used by citizens to explain risk and masks the politics involved in disaster reduction and the search for social justice. Besides, narratives of social change, aspirations and social status are increasingly masked in disaster risk explanations. Tensions are also concealed, including those regarding the winners and losers of interventions and the responsibilities for disaster risk reduction.Originality/valueOur findings confirm previous results that have shown that the resilience framework contributes to “depoliticize” the analysis of risk and serves to mask and dilute the responsibility of political and economic elites in disaster risk creation. But they also show that resilience fails to explain the type of socioeconomic change that is required to reduce vulnerabilities in Latin America.

La conciliación y la mediación, en calidad de mecanismos alternativos de solución de controversias, incorporan la idea de la interdisciplinariedad como la nueva tendencia nacional e internacional en la búsqueda de soluciones no violentas y que sean constructoras de paz, para la solución de conflictos socio-jurídicos, en particular para los asuntos que competen al Derecho de familia pues en estos casos, especialmente, se involucran los sentimientos y las emociones de las partes implicadas, los cuales tienen profundas raíces psicológicas. Por ello, la actual necesidad de que los abogados sean éticos, mediadores, conciliadores, y capaces de integrar saberes de diferentes disciplinas, para brindar una solución integral a los conflictos, especialmente a los de familia, dada la importante relevancia vigente de esta como célula fundamental de la sociedad.

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