Simple memorizing tasks have been chosen such as a binary code on a 5 × 5 matrix. After the establishment of an appropriate protocol, the codified matrices were individually presented to 150 university students (conveniently preselected) who had to memorize them. Multiple presentations were offered seeking perfect performance verified through the correct reproduction of the code. We measured the individual percentage error as a function of the number of successive presentations, and then averaged over the examined population. The learning curve thus obtained decreases (almost monotonically) until becoming virtually zero when the number of presentations attains six. A computer simulation for a similar task is available which uses a two-level perceptron on which an algorithm was implemented allowing for some degree of globality or nonlocality (technically referred to as entropic nonextensivity within a current generalization of the usual, Boltzmann-Gibbs, statistical mechanics). The degree of nonextensivity is characterized by an index q, such that q = 1 recovers the usual, extensive, statistical mechanics, whereas q ≠ 1 implies some degree of nonextensivity. In other words, q – 1 is a (very sensitive) measure of globality (gestalt perception or learning). The computer curves fit well the human result for q . 1.02. It has been verified that even extremely small departures of q from unity lead to strong differences in the learning curve. Our main observation is that, for the very specific learning task on which we focus here, humans perform similarly to slightly nonextensive perceptrons. In addition to this experiment, some preliminary studies were done concerning the human learning of ambiguous images (based on figure-background perception). In spite of the complexity of drawing conclusions from such a comparison, some generic trends can be established. Moreover, the enormous and well-known difficulty for computationally defining semantic, hierarchic and strategic structures reveals clear-cut differences between human and machine learning.
ResumoEste artigo tem como objetivo discutir como os palhaços podem contribuir para uma reflexão acerca das intervenções psicoterápicas na Gestalt-terapia. Essa tarefa foi possível a partir do acompanhamento de uma oficina de teatro, intitulada "A nobre arte do palhaço" e das proposições teóricas da Teoria Ator-Rede acerca da recalcitrância. O efeito do palhaço reside na subversão do anseio pela vitória: quando todos no mundo almejam vencer, ele explora perder. Portanto, o que norteia seu surgimento é estabelecer um fluxo contínuo de contato com as dimensões frágeis, ridículas e transgressoras de cada um, nesse sentido compartilha com alguns dos princípios almejados pela Gestalt-terapia. Dessa forma, os palhaços favorecem que esta abordagem revisite suas reflexões, sua capacidade de criação, ou melhor, re-creação no encontro terapêutico. Palavras chave: Palhaços, Recalcitrância, Intervenção psicoterápica. AbstractThis article aims to discuss how clowns can contribute to a reflection concerning psychotherapic interventions in Gestalt-therapy. This task was possible starting from the observation of a theatre workshop, called "The noble art of clown", and from the theoretical propositions of Actor-Net Theory relating to recalcitrance. The clowns effect its about the subversion of the wish to succeed: while everybody pursues winning, the clown explores the experience of losing. Therefore, what guides his emergence is to establish a continuous flux of contact with the fragile, ridiculous and transgressing dimensions of each of us, which shares common principles pursuit by Gestalt-therapy. So, clowns give Gestalt-therapy the opportunity to rethink its reflections, its capacity of creation, in better words, re-creation on therapy gathering.
ResumoEste artigo problematiza a escrita do trabalho acadêmico. Toma por base o argumento de que a escrita é parte inerente à investigação e, a partir das considerações de Haraway (2008, 1995), Mol (2008) e outras autoras, afirma a escrita como prática situada e marcada. Com a diretriz de método pesquisarCOM, argumenta que contar histórias é uma das formas de relatar a pesquisa. No campo da deficiência visual narrar histórias encarnadas de ver e não ver permite colocar em xeque versões únicas e desencarnadas da deficiência como falta ou deficit. O artigo propõe outras gramáticas para o trabalho acadêmico e afirma o feminino na ciência como um modo de marcar o conhecimento, isto é, de tornar explícitas as mediações que fazem possível o conhecer.Palavras chave: escrita acadêmica; pesquisarCOM; contar histórias; deficiência visual. AbstractThis paper problematizes academic writing by arguing that writing is an inherent part of research. Based on considerations of Haraway (2008, 1995), Mol (2008) and others, we posit that writing is a sited and marked practice. In agreement with embodied perspective researchWITH methodology guidelines, we postulate that storytelling is one way of relating research. In the field of visual disability, to narrate embodied stories of seeing and non-seeing allows the researcher to question disembodied versions of disability as lack or deficiency. We propose other grammars for academic work and affirm that the ‘female’ take on science is a way of marking knowledge, of rendering explicit the mediations that make knowledge possible.Keywords: academic writing; researchWITH; storytelling; visual disability.
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