Государственный институт русского языка им. А.С. Пушкина Российская Федерация, 117485, Москва, ул. Академика Волгина, 6 В статье рассматриваются основные точки зрения на проблему билингвизма. В теорети-ческой части работы изложены наиболее значимые исследовательские позиции в отношении указанного феномена. В практической части представлены результаты ассоциативного опро-са на предмет выявления процесса формирования вторичной языковой личности среди ко-рейско-русских и русско-корейских субординативных билингвов. Ассоциативным стимулом послужили слова тематической группы «Время» («давно», «недавно», «скоро» и т.д.). Респон-дентами выступили субординативные билингвы уровня B2 и выше. Результаты эксперимента позволяют предположить, что в сознании субординативного билингва уровня В2 и выше на-чинается интенсивный процесс формирования вторичной ассоциативной системы и вторич-ной языковой личности.Ключевые слова: билингвизм, двуязычие, координативный и субординативный билингвизм, естественный и искусственный билингвизм, (вторичная) языковая личность, ассоциативная система языка, ассоциативный эксперимент, родной язык, второй (иностранный) язык ВВЕДЕНИЕС тех пор как в трудах У. Вайнрайха билингвизм получил свое классическое определение -«практика попеременного пользования двумя языками» [1], -точка зрения на него претерпела значительные изменения. За 35 лет усилиями исследователей в области лингвистики, психологии, педагогики и др. это понятие значительно расширило свои границы и, как следствие, круг проблемных вопро-сов. И хотя во взглядах на сущность билингвизма до сих пор разграничиваются узкое и широкое его понимание, все большее распространение получает вторая точка зрения.Напомним, узкий подход к пониманию билингвизма, или двуязычия, подраз-умевает равную степень владения двумя языками (естественный билингвизм). Широкий же подход не так однозначен и признает существование искусствен-ного билингвизма 1 . Внутри него одни исследователи наделяют статусом билинг-1 «Искусственный билингвизм представляет собой владение двумя лингвокультурными кодами, один из которых усвоен в условиях специального обучения, и характеризуется следу-ющими признаками: 1) асимметричная коммуникативная компетенция в отношении двух языковых кодов; 2) управляемых характер становления искусственного билингвизма; 3) специ-фическая коммуникативная траектория становления искусственного билингва» [5. С. 4].

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The paper deals with culture generating texts treated as speech products corresponding to dominant features of civilization in cultural history. Three types of such texts - sacral regulations, mass circulation products and virtual net messages - have radically changed the idea of authorship and corresponding attitudes of public to texts. The first text type brought to life selected priests who were regarded as keepers of sacral knowledge to be transmitted to coming generations, the second text type initiated numerous artisans who produced various one-time texts suitable for everyday purposes, the third text type generated illusionists who launch secondary texts through the world electronic network for the sake of carnival play with life. The characteristics of three types of text as indicators of culture have been described on the material of aphorisms. Autosemantic sentences of the first type are usually expressed as manifestations of general truth or common norms of behavior, the second type phrases function as trivial observations or specific recommendations in particular situations, whereas the third type texts have a paradoxical nature or are used as banter expressions uttered to fill the gaps in conversation. Sentences of the first type make the core golden reserve of human wisdom, and they are often used in situations of social inequality when people demonstrate their experience and right to give lessons to others. Sentences of the second type are very important for everyday routine life, and they appear in corresponding habitual situations. Sentences of the third type are applied mainly in interactions which require a critical reaction to any type of edification, either moral or utilitarian, their aim is to establish equality as such by means of ridicule of any kind of self-admiration.

The article discusses functional and semantic status of Future Tense grammatical markers of the Korean language. Despite the fact that discussions on this issue have been going on for more than a dozen years, still among researchers, there is no consensus on how many grammemes make up the category of Tense in Korean, whether it contains an independent Future Tense grammeme, and if so, which markers should be relevant to it. Due to the relevance of the problem, the authors aim to give a brief overview of the opinions on the issue, dividing them into two groups - asserting the presence of the Future Tense grammeme in Korean or denying it, as well as to justify personal position on the status of grammatical markers with prospective semantics. As research material, various Korean grammar researches and Korean grammar (connective and finite endings and constructions with - (으)ㄹ Korean Future Tense participle marker) are used. The result of the study shows that Korean Tense category has no specific Future Tense forms as opposed to the Present and Past Tense forms. All markers with prospective semantics are modal, which means that the Futurum category in Korean implements itself in the functional and semantic field of modality rather than temporality. Authors argue statement that -(으)ㄹ 것이다 Korean construction has the ability to act as neutral non-modal Future Tense marker. According to the point of view of a systemically oriented approach to the grammatical units analysis, presented in the article, the conclusion about Korean -(으)ㄹ 것이다s modal status is made.

The article analyzes the concept “past” as a component of the Russian language picture of the world. The authors make a comprehensive conceptual description of the past based on the three-part model of the concept according to V.I. Karasik – “image, concept, value”. Addressing this topic is due to the lack of a linguocultural description of the concept of the past in Russian science, as well as the need to expand the fund of conceptual descriptions of the components of Russian linguistic culture. The aim of the research is a comprehensive description of the concept of the past focused on identifying its value characteristics, which corresponds to the linguistic cultural direction, within which culture can be understood as a set of meanings, values and norms. The research methodology is based on the structure of everyday consciousness described by O.A. Kornilov and includes an analysis of sensoryreceptive, logical-conceptual, emotional-evaluative and value-moral components of the concept. The procedures of conceptual analysis include the analysis of dictionary definitions of the keyword, the construction of a figurative semantic field based on synonyms and compatibility, the analysis of associations, the analysis of phraseological units, the analysis of proverbs and sayings. The main sources of the research are explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language edited by D.N. Ushakov, A.S. Gerd and T.F. Efremova, New Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Synonyms edited by Yu.D. Apresyan, dictionaries of synonyms edited by Z.E. Aleksandrova, Associative Thesaurus of the Modern Russian Language edited by Yu.N. Karaulov, phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language edited by E.N. Teliya and A.I. Fyodorov, dictionaries of proverbs and sayings edited by V.I. Zimin and V.P. Zhukov. The main results of the study are related to the modeling of the field structure of the conceptual field ’’past’’ with the identification of its neutral core, perinuclear and connotatively marked periphery. The final stage of the analysis suggests that the value component of the concept ’’past’’ is a bipolar zone, within which two mutually exclusive groups of behavioral norms coexist, reflecting the two value centers of the concept.