We used thiol-based antioxidant supplementation (n-acetylcysteine, NAC) to determine whether immune mobilisation following skeletal muscle microtrauma induced by exercise is redox-sensitive in healthy humans. According to a two-trial, double-blind, crossover, repeated measures design, 10 young men received either placebo or NAC (20 mg/kg/day) immediately after a muscle-damaging exercise protocol (300 eccentric contractions) and for eight consecutive days. Blood sampling and performance assessments were performed before exercise, after exercise, and daily throughout recovery. NAC reduced the decline of reduced glutathione in erythrocytes and the increase of plasma protein carbonyls, serum TAC and erythrocyte oxidized glutathione, and TBARS and catalase activity during recovery thereby altering postexercise redox status. The rise of muscle damage and inflammatory markers (muscle strength, creatine kinase activity, CRP, proinflammatory cytokines, and adhesion molecules) was less pronounced in NAC during the first phase of recovery. The rise of leukocyte and neutrophil count was decreased by NAC after exercise. Results on immune cell subpopulations obtained by flow cytometry indicated that NAC ingestion reduced the exercise-induced rise of total macrophages, HLA+ macrophages, and 11B+ macrophages and abolished the exercise-induced upregulation of B lymphocytes. Natural killer cells declined only in PLA immediately after exercise. These results indicate that thiol-based antioxidant supplementation blunts immune cell mobilisation in response to exercise-induced inflammation suggesting that leukocyte mobilization may be under redox-dependent regulation.
Background High intensity resistance exercise may temporarily induce vascular dysfunction mediated by pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory pathways. Whether antioxidant supplements ameliorate this dysfunction has not been clarified. Purpose In the present study we aimed to evaluate the effect of the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on vascular function after a bout of high-intensity resistance exercise in healthy young individuals. Methods In this randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled study, ten healthy male volunteers (mean age 24.2±2.1 years) who exercised regularly were randomized to a daily oral administration of NAC or placebo during an 8-day recovery after an acute intense eccentric exercise protocol. In order to estimate changes in vascular parameters of interest -pulse wave velocity (PWV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD)-, measurements were performed pre-exercise and across 6 pre-specified time points post-exercise (from 2 to 120 hours) in both arms. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately after exercise, 2 hours after exercise, and daily for eight consecutive days thereafter for the measurement of cellular components of the immune system. Results Muscle exercise induced a significant decrease in FMD in the placebo arm (F=2.74, p=0.017). This phenomenon was evident until 48 hours after exercise while FMD progressively returned to baseline values thereafter. In contrast, in the NAC arm, FMD did not decrease significantly (p>0.05 for all time-points). By linear mixed model analysis, a higher increase in CD4 cells levels correlated with preserved FMD (coefficient=0.025, p=0.046) in the placebo arm whereas this association was not significant (coefficient=0.004, p=0.811) in the NAC arm. PWV did not present significant fluctuations before and after exercise in either arm (p>0.05 for all comparisons). Conclusion A bout of eccentric exercise in young regularly training individuals induced endothelial dysfunction peaking at 48 hours, possibly partly mediated by an attenuated CD4 response. NAC exerted protective action on FMD, indicating that oxidative stress may be implicated in vivo in this setting. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.
Η Ν ακετυλο-κυστείνη (NAC) είναι ένα αντιοξειδωτικό συμπλήρωμα που χρησιμοποιήθηκε για να διερευνήσει εάν η ενεργοποίηση του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος που ακολουθεί τη φλεγμονή που επάγεται μέσω της άσκησης είναι οξειδοαναγωγικά εξαρτώμενη. Σε μια διασταυρούμενη, διπλή, τυφλή μελέτη επαναλαμβανόμενων μετρήσεων, 10 υγιείς άρρενες εθελοντές μετά το πέρας του πρωτόκολλου μυϊκής καταστροφής (300 έκκεντρες επαναλήψεις) έλαβαν N-ακετυλοκυστείνη (NAC) ή Placebo για οκτώ συνεχόμενες ημέρες. Οι μετρήσεις αίματος και μυϊκής απόδοσης πραγματοποιήθηκαν πριν την άσκηση, αμέσως μετά και καθημερινά κατά το στάδιο της ανάρρωσης. Η χορήγηση NAC στο στάδιο της ανάρρωσης ελάττωσε τη μείωση της γλουταθειόνης στα ερυθρά αιμοσφαίρια και την αύξηση στο πλάσμα των πρωτεινικών καρβονυλίων, της συνολικής αντιοξειδωτικής ικανότητας (TAC), της οξειδωμένης μορφής της γλουταθειόνης (GSSG), τις αντιδραστικές ουσίες του θεοβαρβιτουρικού οξέως (TBARS) και τη δραστικότητα της καταλάσης, μεταβάλλοντας έτσι την οξειδοαναγωγική κατάσταση. Επιπλέον, η χρήση της ΝAC μείωσε τη μυϊκή καταστροφή, την άνοδο των λευκών αιμοσφαιρίων και των ουδετερόφιλων, καθώς και των δεικτών φλεγμονής (μυϊκή δύναμη, κρεατινική κινάση, CRP, προ-φλεγμονώδεις κυτοκίνες, μόρια προσκόλλησης). Οι μετρήσεις των υποπληθυσμών του ανοσοποιητικού συστήματος, όπως καθορίστηκαν από την κυτταρομετρία ροής, απέδειξαν ότι η χορήγηση της NAC εξασθένησε την αύξηση των ολικών μακροφάγων, των HLA+ macrophages και των 11B+ macrophages και ανέστειλε τη θετική ρύθμιση των Β λεμφοκυττάρων. Τέλος, οι φυσικοί φονείς μειώθηκαν μόνο στη συνθήκη Placebo και μόνο αμέσως μετά την άσκηση. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά καταδεικνύουν ότι η χορήγηση του αντιοξειδωτικού συμπληρώματος N-ακετυλοκυστείνη (NAC) εξασθένησε την κινητοποίηση των κυττάρων του ανοσοποιητικού στη φλεγμονή που προκλήθηκε μετά από άσκηση, αποδεικνύοντας ότι η ενεργοποίηση του πιθανά υπόκειται σε οξειδοαναγωγική ρύθμιση.
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