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Background The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a greater use of digital technologies as part of the health care response in many countries, including Indonesia. It is the world’s fourth-most populous nation and Southeast Asia’s most populous country, with considerable public health pressures. Objective The aim of our study is to identify and review the use of digital health technologies in COVID-19 detection and response management in Indonesia. Methods We conducted a literature review of publicly accessible information in technical and scientific journals, as well as news articles from September 2020 to August 2022 to identify the use case examples of digital technologies in COVID-19 detection and response management in Indonesia. Results The results are presented in 3 groups, namely (1) big data, artificial intelligence, and machine learning (technologies for the collection or processing of data); (2) health care system technologies (acting at the public health level); and (3) COVID-19 screening, population treatment, and prevention population treatment (acting at the individual patient level). Some of these technologies are the result of government-academia-private sector collaborations during the pandemic, which represent a novel, multisectoral practice in Indonesia within the public health care ecosystem. A small number of the identified technologies pre-existed the pandemic but were upgraded and adapted for current needs. Conclusions Digital technologies were developed in Indonesia during the pandemic, with a direct impact on supporting COVID-19 management, detection, response, and treatment. They addressed different areas of the technological spectrum and with different levels of adoption, ranging from local to regional to national. The indirect impact of this wave of technological creation and use is a strong foundation for fostering future multisectoral collaboration within the national health care system of Indonesia.

BACKGROUND In efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic, the Government of Indonesia issued policies of micro-scale activity restrictions (PPKM Mikro/Micro PPKM) to limit community mobility by building COVID-19 command posts (Posko) at micro-scale (RT/RW) level and implementing Micro PPKM through community participation as a bottom-up approach. OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the monitoring results of Micro PPKM implementation through the Bersatu Lawan COVID-19 digital mobile application, and the impact such granular information might have in curbing the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Data was collected from front-line public order forces (police and military) and Behavioral Change Ambassadors reports submitted using the BLC apps. The data was reported in real-time and analyzed by the integrated system of the Indonesia National Task Force for the Acceleration of COVID-19 Mitigation. RESULTS As of February 28, 2022, the total of COVID-19 command posts established were 29,913. A total of 151 million reports of micro PPKM activities were recorded using the BLC application in 44,770 villages/wards, 5,502 sub-districts, and 474 regencies/cities throughout the province. The top 5 most reported activities were 3M education and outreach, distribution of masks, enforcement of discipline, support for vaccination programs, and supervision of entering and exiting areas. CONCLUSIONS Indonesia adopted a bottom-up approach strategy to control the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing a reporting system linked to community-driven activities at the lowest national administrative level. The reports were made available to different institutional users enabling uniformity in understanding of public health information. The system can potentially be repurposed for future healthcare emergency events. CLINICALTRIAL N/A

UNSTRUCTURED The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the use of digital technologies in its handling in many countries, including Indonesia. This paper runs a literature review of publicly accessible information and news articles between September 2020 to July 2021 to discover the use of digital technologies in COVID-19 detection and response management in Indonesia. It is the world’s fourth most populous nation, and Southeast Asia’s most populous country which is battling surging cases and deaths. The results are presented into three groups, namely (i) Big Data, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning; (ii) Healthcare System Technologies; and (iii) Population Treatment. Some of them are innovated by government-academia-private sector collaboration during the pandemic, while the rest have pre-existed but gets promoted and intensified by the same multi-sectoral collaboration. Those digital technologies are developed to support three areas of COVID-19 management, detect, respond, and treatment. Further, this paper argues that the use of digital technologies is one of the results of the country’s effort to foster multi-sectoral collaboration.