No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

This paper shows the benefits of the Field Programming Gate Array (FPGAs) in industrial control applications. The author starts by addressing the benefits of FPGA and where it is useful. As well as, the author has done some FPGA's evaluation researches on the FPGA performing explaining the performance of the FPGA and the design tools. To show the benefits of the FPGA, an industrial application example has been used. The application is a real-time face detection and tracking using FPGA. Face tracking will depend on calculating the centroid of each detected region. A DE2-SoC Altera board has been used to implement this application. The application based on few algorithms that filter the captured images to detect them. These algorithms have been translated to a Verilog code to run it on the DE2-SoC board.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a long-standing progressive disorder. Diabetic retinopathy is the primary cause of blindness among adults suffering from diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is found to be dependent on the length of the period affected by diabetes, glucose control, blood pressure, and lipid profile while age, sex, and type of medical therapy were not found to be risk factors.Aim: This study attempts to determine the importance of early spotting of diabetic retinopathy in Jordanian type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects by family medicine and ophthalmologist physicians, which will help us achieve better health outcomes. Methods: Our retrospective investigation recruited 950 working-age subjects, of both sexes and with T2DM at three hospitals in Jordan, from September 2019 to June 2022. Early spotting of diabetic retinopathy was done by family medicine physicians and confirmation was done by ophthalmologists using direct ophthalmoscopy. Evaluation of the fundus by pupillary dilation was performed to assess the degree of diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, and the number of patients with diabetic retinopathy. The level of severity for diabetic retinopathy at confirmation was done using the classification for diabetic retinopathy produced by the American Association of Ophthalmology (AAO). Continuous parameters and independent t-tests were used to assess the average discrepancy in the degree of retinopathy among subjects. Categorical parameters were mentioned in numbers and percentages and chi-square tests were done to determine discrepancies in proportion among patients.Results: Early spotting of diabetic retinopathy was recorded by family medicine physicians in 150 (15.8%) of 950 patients with T2DM of whom 56.7% (85/150) were women with an average age of 44 years. Of these 150 subjects with T2DM, who were presumed to have diabetic retinopathy, ophthalmologists diagnosed diabetic retinopathy in 35 patients (35/150; 23.3%). Of these, 33 (94.3%) had non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and two (5.7%) had proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Of the 33 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 10 had mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 17 had moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, and six had severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Subjects aged more than 28 years had a 2.5 times increased risk of experiencing diabetic retinopathy. Awareness and lack of awareness values differed significantly (316 (33.3%), 634 (66.7%); P<0.05, respectively).Conclusions: Early spotting of diabetic retinopathy by family medicine physicians shortens the delay of diagnosis confirmation by ophthalmologists.