According to evidence, Early-Life Stress (ELS), mood disorders, and medical comorbidities, i.e. Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), are correlated; however, the direct contribution of ELS to IBS manifestations is less understood. The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of voluntary exercise on the mitochondrial dysfunction of the bowel fibroblasts, following the confirmation of anxiety behavior. Methods: In this study, Postnatal Day (PND) rats underwent Maternal Separation (MS), as a valid animal model of the brain-gut axis dysfunction, in the days 2-14; three hours daily. On day 21, the study animals were divided into 4 groups, as follows: control, Running Wheel (RW) exercise, MS, and MS+RW groups. The study groups were housed in separate cages (4 rats per cage) until the onset of intervention. On day 60, the elevated plus-maze was used to assess anxiety-like behaviors; the level of oxidative stress biomarkers, i.e. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), Glutathione (GSH) , as well as Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) was measured to determine the gut mitochondrial function. Results: Findings revealed that ELS affected the gut energy metabolism in the studied rats; the negative effects of MS on anxiety and the gut mitochondrial dysfunction decreased via RW exercise during adolescence. Conclusion: Overall, anxiety behaviors and ROS production, leading to increased GSH and ATP levels, improved after RW exercise; this significantly impacts the function of colon secretory mitochondria. According to the positive effects of RW exercise on mitochondrial dysfunction in an ELS animal model, a potential relationship was found between the brain and gut in the study rats.

Background: Functional ankle instability (FAI) is a common consequence of ankle sprain injury, especially in high-impact sports. Objectives: To investigate the effect of six weeks of suspension training with total resistance exercises (TRX) on proprioception and muscle strength in female athletes with FAI. Methods: Thirty female athletes with FAI (age: 21.9 ± 2.2 years, height: 169.3 ± 4.2 cm, and weight: 59.8 ± 6.1 kg) were randomly assigned to two equally numbered groups: TRX training and controls based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. In the pre-test, the anthropometric variables and also proprioception accuracy and muscle strength of subjects were evaluated by joint angle reset test (JART) and manual muscle testing (MMT) in both dorsiflexion and plantarflexion motions. The training group completed three sessions per week with progressive load for six weeks, and each training session lasted 15 - 20 minutes, whilst control subjects continued with their normal activity without special sport activities. After six weeks of training, all tests performed in the pre-test phase were also performed in the post-test phase. The t-test was used for statistic analysis (α ≤ 0.05). Results: The findings showed that TRX training significantly improved the proprioception accuracy (P ≤ 0.001) and muscle strength (P ≤ 0.001) in the training group rather than the control group. No statistically significant difference was found in any of the tests between pre-test and post-test for the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Six weeks of TRX suspension training had a positive effect on strength and proprioception accuracy in female athletes with FAI.

Context: Numerous recovery strategies have been used in an attempt to minimize the symptoms of delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). However, scientific evidence to support the effect of prophylactic (prior to exercise) and therapeutic (post-exercise) effects of a Combination Treatment (PNF & vitamin C, Ultrasound) on muscle damage is lacking. Objective: To investigate the effects of a Combination Treatment (PNF& vitamin C, Ultrasound) on biochemical (enzymatic levels) and functional (elbow angle, arm circumference, pain rate, etc) markers of exercise-induced muscle damage. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: non-athletic college-age men participated voluntary in this study, which reported no delayed onset muscle soreness for at least 6 months before, then subjects were randomly assigned to subgroups with control hand and experimental hand. Intervention(s): Exercise program was used for induce exercise-induced muscle damage involved Preacher curl test (eccentric contraction in two hands). Main Outcome Measure(s): Relaxed arm circumference, flexed arm circumference, elbow resting angel, forearm circumference, range of motion flexed elbow, range of motion extended elbow, exercise-induced muscle damage, maximal voluntary isometric and isokinetic strength were recorded at baseline, immediately after exercise, and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after post-exercise. Serum creatine kinase was measured at baseline, immediately after exercise, and at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-exercise. Results: The experimental subgroup showed a reduction in DOMS symptoms in the form of less range of motion flexed elbow and range of motion extended elbow, less maximal isometric and isokinetic voluntary strength loss (P <.05) compared with the control subgroup. However, no effect on relaxed arm circumference, flexed arm circumference, elbow resting angle, forearm circumference was evident (P >.05). Conclusion: This Combination Treatment on maximal voluntary isometric strength, delayed onset of muscle soreness and pain intensity rate during timing was effective. Eventually, results suggest that combination treatments are effective treatment on maintenance isometric strength and decrease of delayed onset of muscle soreness and pain intensity rate.

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