BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic diseases, with complications such as decreased salivary flow rate and xerostomia.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the salivary flow rate and xerostomia in type I and II diabetic patients in comparison with healthy controls.MethodsThis case-control study was performed on diabetic patients of a private office in Babol, Iran, between May 2015 and October 2016. This study involved two study groups (type I and II diabetes, with 40 in each group) and two control groups (control I and II, with 35 in each group) which were age- and sex-matched with the related study groups. They were all selected through simple sampling. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected through Navazesh method and the salivary flow rate was measured (ml/min). Xerostomia was evaluated via Fox’s test. Moreover, the patients’ data were recorded including age, sex, disease duration, type of diabetes, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HbA1C. The obtained data were statistically analyzed by using SPSS version 17. Independent-samples t-test, Chi-square, Pearson correlation and multiple comparison post-hoc tests were employed as appropriated. p<0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe mean salivary flow rate in type I diabetics (0.35±0.11 ml/min) was lower than that in control I (0.50±0.07 ml/min) (p=0.01). The same difference was observed between type II diabetics (0.37±0.13 ml/min) and control II groups (0.47±0.11 ml/min) (p=0.01). No significant difference was observed in the salivary flow rate between type I and II diabetics (p=0.345). Furthermore, xerostomia was higher in type I (2.70±2.50, 1.17±1.60) and II (2.65±2.20–1.62±1.50) diabetics compared with the related control groups (p=0.01), (p=0.02).ConclusionType I, II diabetic patients revealed lower salivary flow rate and higher xerostomia compared with healthy controls. The salivary flow rate and xerostomia had inverse correlation.

HN was not a prevalent problem in older adults who met the inclusion criteria of this research. No significant difference has been observed between HN and bone mineral density and falls in the elderly.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is an endocrine disease caused by inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin. Studies have shown that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) dysregulation is contributed to the development of T2DM. Urtica dioica (UD) may have anti-hypoglycemic activities in T2DM patients. However, the underlying mechanism is remained unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the UD effect on serum levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin concentration, and AMPK levels in diabetic patients.

Therefore it was concluded that the accuracy of digital radiography is comparable with conventional radiography in measuring working length, so considering the advantages of the digital radiography, it can be used for working length determination.

As programs that imitate an expert’s behavior in a specific area, expert systems can be used, trusted and influential in different areas due to the modeling of the human’s logic and reasoning system, and similarity of the sources of knowledge used by them. In the absence of experts, the intelligent software can measure the level of stress in individuals to a relatively reliable level. The design of intelligent systems in psychological counseling is of great importance due to the impact of this field on the various areas of today's life. The present paper aims to describe how to design and implement a psychology expert system to determine the level of stress in different people using MATLAB software. As one of the most popular psychological tests to determine the level of anxiety, depression and stress in different individual, this test is conducted based on the DASS-21 test, which deduct the result depending on the rules defined and the responses received from the user and determines the level of stress of the individual.