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Information on nutritive values of each plant part in each phenological stage could help range managers choose suitable grazing times to achieve higher animal performance without detriment to vegetation. Thus, nutritive value of different plant parts of 5 grass species in 3 phenological stages (vegetative, flowering, and seed production) from 2 sites were investigated. Species included: Agropyron tauri Boiss and Bal., Agropyron trichophorum Richt, Bromus tomentellus Boiss, Festuca ovina Hack, and Hordeum bulbosum L. Samples of leaf, stem, and flower from 5 locations at each site for each species were analyzed for dry matter ratio of plant parts, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, dry matter digestibility, and metabolizable energy. A completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement of species and phenological stage was analyzed with 5 replicates for each location. Plant part was included as a subplot factor in a split plot arrangement. Nutritive values differed significantly (P < 0.05) both within and among plant parts and phenological stages for each species. Phenological stages indicated a significant difference on nutritive value of plant parts, with leaves having the highest nutritive value. Thus, forage with a higher leaf-to-stem ratio should improve animal performance because at the beginning of the 2nd phenological stage, the plant had desirable quantity and quality of forage with higher leaf-to-stem ratio. Resu men La información del valor nutritivo de cada parte de la planta en cada estado fenológico pudiera ayudar a los manejadores de pastizales a elegir las épocas apropiadas de apacentamiento para alcanzar un mayor comportamiento productivo del animal sin detrimento de la vegetación. Se investigó el valor nutritivo de diferentes partes de la planta de 5 especies de zacates en 3 estados fenológicos (vegetativo, floración y producción de semilla) provenientes de dos sitios. Las especies incluidas fueron: Agropyron tauri Boiss y Bal., A. trichophorum Richt, Bromus tomentellus Boiss, Festuca ovina Hack y Hordeum bulbosum L. Muestras de hojas, tallo y flores de cada especie se tomaron en 5 localidades dentro del cada sitio y se analizaron para determinar la relación de materia seca de las partes de la planta, el contenido de proteína cruda, fibra ácido detergente, fibra neutro detergente, digestibilidad de la materia seca y energía metabolizable. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar en arreglo factorial, los factores fueron las especies y los estados fenológicos, se tuvieron 5 repeticiones y los análisis fueron por localidad. Las partes de las plantas se incluyeron como subparcelas en un diseño de parcelas divididas. En cada especie, los valores nutritivos difirieron significativamente (P < 0.05) dentro y entre las partes de la planta y entre los estados fenológicos. Los estados fenológicos, presentaron una diferencia significativa en el valor nutritivo de las partes de la planta, el mayor valor nutritivo lo tuvo las hojas. Así, el forraje con la mayo...

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and most common form of dementia that leads to memory impairment. In the present study we have examined the protective effects of Borago officinalis (borage) extract on Amyloid β (Aβ)-Induced memory impairment. Wistar male rats received intrahippocampal (IHP) injection of the Aβ(25–35) and borage extract throughout gestation (100 mg/kg). Learning and memory functions in the rats were examined by the passive avoidance and the Morris water maze (MWM) tasks. Finally, the antioxidant capacity of hippocampus was measured using ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The results showed that Aβ(25–35) impaired step-through latency and time in dark compartment in passive avoidance task. In the MWM, Aβ(25–35) significantly increased escape latency and traveled distance. Borage administration attenuated the Aβ-induced memory impairment in both the passive avoidance and the MWM tasks. Aβ induced a remarkable decrease in antioxidant power (FRAP value) of hippocampus and borage prevented the decrease of the hippocampal antioxidant status. This data suggests that borage could improve the learning impairment and oxidative damage in the hippocampal tissue following Aβ treatment and that borage consumption may lead to an improvement of AD-induced cognitive dysfunction.