 Extract the maximum output power from photovoltaic (PV) panels under different solar radiation and temperature conditions.  A comparative study between perturb and observe (P & O) and incremental conduction (INC) algorithms.  The boost converter design increases the voltage of the photovoltaic panel by controlling the duty cycle.  The performance of the INC algorithm is better than that of P & O. The biggest challenge in the solar system is to extract the maximum output power from photovoltaic (PV) panels under different solar radiation and temperature conditions. This paper presents a comparative study between perturb and observe (P & O) and incremental conduction (INC) algorithms. These are the most popular algorithms for tracking solar PV panels and extracting the maximum power point (MPP) under different climate conditions. The studied PV system and the MPPT techniques have been investigated by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation includes a boost converter, which increases the PV panel voltage by controlling the duty cycle. The obtained results show that the P & O performance close to MPP under constant test conditions (STC) is better than the variable conditions due to oscillation. In contrast, the performance of the INC algorithm is better than P & O in terms of speed to reach MPP, accuracy, and quality under changes in radiation and temperature conditions.

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The present research is devoted to solve the problem of high energy consumption by air conditioners in summer. In order to eliminate domestic electricity for cooling purposes and rely directly on solar energy isolated from the grid connection and increases the performance of the solar panel by using front water spray cooling system for the panel, and by using Adruino as controller to control the cooling system. The experimental system setup arranged in Iraq at Al-taje site during the summer season at a room. The proposed system consists of an array of photovoltaic, battery used to store power, PWM charge controller, and DC air cooler, Adruino. During the examination of the system, The enhancement of the solar panel has a positive effect on long-term batteries and improves the battery life by which the charge and discharge when combined with a direct photovoltaic air conditioning system without refrigeration. Excess power generated from the PV panels is storage in the batteries, which make the system is the most familiar with Iraq's summer conditions.

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 Rapid rise in the steam mass flow rate causes the increase in dynamic effects.  The pressure disturbance in the boiler's upper drum cause mechanical effects.  Drum level fluctuations cause interactions with the controls of boiler combustion.  Interactions with the controls, resulting inefficient and dangerous operations.The dynamic effects in the "upper" drum of the boiler (mechanical's effects) are very complex problems and critical due to the pressure disturbance in the upper drum of the boiler. This work deals with an experimental investigation of the dynamic behavior of the boiler drum level system is reported from plant data (Al-Quds power plant) in Baghdad / Iraq under a particular condition of operating, and the mathematical equations of the boiler model variables explained and defined. The dynamic effects are investigated with increasing steam mass flow rate (10% and 20%) at the outlet of the boiler. The results showed that the rapid rise in the rate of steam mass flow causes the dynamic effects to increase (shrink and swell) by 15%, rates of evaporation and thus causes an increase in the volume of water inside the upper drum boiler that causes overheating in the tubes.