No abstract

No abstract

Salmonids are poikilotherms which means that their internal temperature varies with that of water. Water temperature thus controls many of their lifecycle processes and physiological functions, which could influence the mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of many substances, including perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAAs). However, the processes governing the fate of PFAAs are still poorly understood in fish. Here we developed a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to study changes in physiological functions and PFAA ADME at different temperatures. The model was calibrated using experimental data from dietary exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate at 7°C and 19°C. Predictions of PFOS concentrations were globally satisfactory at both temperatures, when accounting for the influence of temperature on growth, ventilation rate, cardiac output, clearances, and absorption rates. Accounting for the influence of temperature on tissue-plasma partition coefficients significantly improved predicted inorgan PFOS concentrations.

Our preferences and evaluations are often affected by contextual factors. One unavoidable context is language. We used an evaluative conditioning (EC) paradigm (pairing neutral stimuli with emotional or neutral stimuli) to investigate whether our evaluations are equally conditioned in a native (NL) and in a foreign language (FL). An EC effect was observed in both languages, however, if in NL it occurred independently of recollection of the pairing of the stimuli, in foreign language memory seemed to play a larger role. These results were confirmed using a more implicit measure (memory confusion paradigm). Overall, the results suggest that conditioning occurs both in NL and FL, but is weaker and more sensitive to memory of the emotional stimuli in FL. The study is the first demonstration that EC is modulated by language, and converges with recent findings showing that linguistic context can modulate our behaviours.