El estrés y la ansiedad por las matemáticas tienen signos y códigos que permiten ser estudiados a través de la semiótica; estos son una de las causas de la reprobación. El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar y validar un instrumento que mida el estrés y la ansiedad semióticas por las matemáticas en estudiantes de secundaria. Se realizó un diseño no experimental, de tipo descriptivo, con análisis de convalidación lógica, validación de expertos, análisis de confiabilidad del alfa de Cronbach, dos mitades, una prueba exploratoria del análisis factorial y coeficiente de omega. Se realizaron dos aplicaciones en distintos momentos, una prueba piloto de 30 y una aplicación de 244 alumnos, con un muestreo determinado por grado escolar, turno matutino o vespertino de dos instituciones educativas. Se corroboró un instrumento válido y confiable para medir el estrés y la ansiedad semiótica en estudiantes de educación secundaria y en específico para matemáticas, con pruebas consistentes en sus resultados de las dos aplicaciones. El instrumento presentó validez y confiabilidad en su totalidad, y cuando se realizaron estudios factoriales exploratorios, fue posible precisar los componentes para los signos y síntomas físicos, psicológicos y conductuales. El instrumento se enfocó en dos momentos que generan estrés o ansiedad por las matemáticas: las clases y los exámenes. Debido a que no se encontró un instrumento que mida las dos variables: estrés y ansiedad por las matemáticas, se aportó un instrumento que contribuye de forma confiable y válida en su medición.
The Cooperative Extension System, a component of every land-grant university, is well positioned to take a leadership role in community engagement in every state. In Florida, a new program called Community Voices, Informed Choices (CIVIC) builds capacity among county and state faculty from the state’s two land-grant universities to engage community members in the process of resolving contentious issues through democratic governance. CIVIC strengthens partnerships with historically underserved communities, offers programs and activities to promote deliberative discussion, and facilitates interest in moving toward solutions. Case studies from three communities illustrate the CIVIC process and demonstrate how Extension faculty help communities help themselves.
The collective housing in height has been understood, in relation to land use, as a response to the massive consumption of territory and progressive increase of the urban population, and like solution to the housing deficit. However, the consequent increase in residential density has been identified as a factor of negative impact on liveability. The paper exposes the approach to six projects of collective social housing in height of the city of Medellín, Colombia, constituted like object of study with the purpose of analyzing in architectural productions with different models of densification, the aspects that have incidence in the perception of security and density, comfort, social interaction and appropriation of space.
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