BackgroundPediatric medications may possess a high erosive potential to dental tissues due to the existence of acid components in their formulations. The purpose was to determine the erosive and cariogenic potential of pediatric oral liquid medications through the analysis of their physicochemical properties in vitro.MethodsA total of 59 substances were selected from the drug reference list of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), which belong to 11 therapeutic classes, as follows: analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, antihistamines, antitussives, bronchodilators, antibacterials, antiparasitics, antiemetics, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Measurement of pH was performed by potentiometry, using a digital pH meter. For the Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) chemical assay, a 0.1 N NaOH standard solution was used, which was titrated until drug pH was neutralized. The Total Soluble Solids Contents (TSSC) quantification was carried out by refractometry using Brix scale and the analysis of Total Sugar Content was performed according to Fehling’s method. In addition, it was analyzed the information contained in the drug inserts with regard to the presence of sucrose and type of acid and sweetener added to the formulations.ResultsAll drug classes showed acidic pH, and the lowest mean was found for antipsychotics (2.61 ± 0.08). There was a large variation in the TTA (0.1% - 1.18%) and SST (10.44% - 57.08%) values. High total sugar contents were identified in the antitussives (53.25%) and anticonvulsants (51.75%). As described in the drug inserts, sucrose was added in 47.5% of the formulations, as well as citric acid (39.0%), sodium saccharin (36.4%) and sorbitol (34.8%).ConclusionThe drugs analyzed herein showed physicochemical characteristics indicative of a cariogenic and erosive potential on dental tissues. Competent bodies’ strategies should be implemented in order to broaden the knowledge of health professionals, drug manufacturers and general consuming public about the risks from the consumption of medicines potentially harmful to dental tissues.

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A perda progressiva da estrutura dentária associada à ocorrência de lesões cervicais não cariosas tem-se mostrado um problema cada vez mais frequente na prática odontológica contemporânea, uma vez que o aumento da expectativa de vida tem favorecido a manutenção da dentição natural. Dessa forma, o número de pessoas que expõem seus dentes por um maior período de tempo aos múltiplos fatores etiológicos relacionados à perda progressiva e não cariosa das estruturas dentais também tem aumentado, fato que pode resultar em complicações estéticas e funcionais. Portanto, este trabalho destina-se a realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca dos fatores etiológicos, classificação, características clínicas e opções terapêuticas para as lesões cervicais não cariosas, possibilitando aos cirurgiões-dentistas o estabelecimento do diagnóstico diferencial, de condutas preventivas e de tratamento.

RESUMOIsotônico é uma bebida destinada a reidratar, bem como repor eletrólitos, carboidratos e outros nutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o pH endógeno, a acidez total titulável (ATT) e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) de nove bebidas isotônicas à temperatura ambiente (±23°C) e após resfriamento (±9°C). A avaliação do pH foi feita por potenciometria e a capacidade tampão foi realizada por meio da diluição de cada uma das substâncias. Incrementos de 0,1NKOH foram adicionados até que se atingisse a neutralidade. As leituras dos SST foram feitas por refratometria usando o refratômetro de Abbé. As médias do pH variaram de 2,03 (Gatorade Tangerina ® ) a 2,93 (Marathon Limão ® ) e todos as bebidas mostraram pH abaixo do valor crítico de 5,5. As médias da ATT variaram de 0,10 para o Marathon Limão ® a 0,32 para o Gatorade Tangerina ® . O Gatorade Tangerina ® apresentou o menor valor de SST (6,33%) e o Marathon Guaraná e Açaí ® mostrou o maior valor de SST (12,50%). Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as temperaturas para o pH (G3, G4, G5, G6 e G8), para os SST (G2, G3, G6 e G9) e para a ATT (G2, G3 e G5). Ao se comparar os grupos 1 e 3 (Marathon Guaraná Açaí ® x Gatorate Guaraná Açaí ® ) observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre em relação ao pH para a temperatura ambiente, em relação aos SST para as temperaturas ambiente e a ±9°C e para a ATT na temperatura ambiente. As bebidas analisadas apresentaram baixo pH endógeno, podendo as mesmas serem consideradas potencialmente erosivas aos tecidos dentais se consumidas de modo inadequado e com elevada frequência. Com relação à temperatura, recomenda-se a ingestão dessas bebidas resfriadas.Palavras-chave: erosão dentária, esmalte dentário, alimentos para praticantes de atividade física. ABSTRACTA sports drink is a beverage made to rehydrate, as well as replace electrolytes, carbohydrates, and other nutrients. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the endogenous pH, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids content (TSSC) of nine sports drinks. pH analysis was performed by potentiometry and buffering capacity was assessed by dilution of each substance. Increments of 0.1 N KOH were titrated until neutrality was reached. TSSC readings were performed by Brix refractometry using the Abbé refractometer. pH values ranged from 2.03 (Gatorade Tangerina®) to 2.93 (Marathon Limão®) and all sports drinks showed pH below the critical value of 5.5. The titratable acidity values ranged from 0.106 (Marathon Limão®) to 0.32 (Gatorade Tangerina®). Gatorade Tangerina® presented the lowest TSSC content (6.33%) and Marathon Guaraná e Açaí® presented the highest TSSC content (12.50%). Statistically significant differences were observed between temperatures for pH (G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8), TSSC (G2, G3, G6 and G9) and TA (G2, G3 and G5). When groups 1 and 3 were compared (Marathon Guaraná Açaí versus Gatorate Guaraná Açaí), statistically significant difference concerning pH at room temperature, concernin...

Background. Victims of motor vehicle accidents may suffer multiple lesions, including maxillofacial injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with head, facial, and maxillofacial injuries in child and adolescent victims of automobile accidents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with analysis of forensic medical reports from the Legal Medical Institute of Campina Grande, Brazil, between January 2008 and December 2011. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test (α = 0.05). From 1613 medical reports analyzed, the sample is composed 232 (14.4%) reports referring to child and adolescent victims of automobile accidents aged 0–19 years of both sexes. Victims were mostly adolescents aged from 15 to 19 years (64.2%), males (73.7%), and motorcyclists (51.3%). More than half of the victims had single lesions (54.3%) located in the head (20.7%) and face (21.6%). Head injuries occurred more frequently in children aged 0–4 years (53.8%, PR = 5.065, 95% CI = 1.617–5.870) and pedestrians (30.4%, PR = 2.039, 95% CI = 1.024–4.061), while facial and maxillofacial injuries occurred in higher proportion among females (31.1%, PR = 0.489, 95% CI = 0.251–0.954). Our findings suggest that accidents involving motorcyclists are the most prevalent, affecting male adolescents aged from 15 to 19 years, resulting in a high frequency of injuries in the head and face regions.