New European Union policy is to be subject to equality impact assessment for all strands of inequality and multiple discrimination (European Commission, 2006). This article discusses research that tested a gender mainstreaming model for its ability to reveal intersectional inequalities. The resulting collaborative multi-strand model situates intersectional enquiry at a structural level, enables the integration of equalities and human rights approaches and supports prioritisation without reductively homogenising ‘strand’ specific inequalities. This is a step towards intersectional working. Gaining satisfactory intersectional evidence will require improved quantitative data collection, the revaluing of qualitative data, and collaborative working between ‘equality makers and policy makers’.

Progress on reducing gender disparities remains painfully slow, despite efforts to identify the determinants of gender pay gaps and specify size and shape. Recent studies highlight the need for a more nuanced account of the way that public policy shapes organizational responses and insights into the types of organizational practices that diminish pay disparities. In response, this research reports on an action research intervention in three large Welsh public organizations, subject to a unique statutory equality duty. | INTRODUCTIONGovernments around the world have identified the gender pay gap as a grand social and economic challenge, yet progress in reducing gender disparities has been limited, even in proactive equality contexts (Koskinen Sandberg, 2017;O'Reilly, Smith, Deakin, & Burchell, 2015;Rubery & Grimshaw, 2014;Saari, 2013). Academic perspectives on the gender pay debate have been vital in providing evidence on the size and nature of the pay gap (Rubery, 1978),This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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This article explores what the UK's European Union (EU) membership has meant for the development of a distinctive, sub-state equalities agenda in Wales. Analysis of interview data through the lens of feminist institutionalism reveals EU membership as integral to the emergence of Wales' approach to gender equality; with Welsh equality advocates using access to European Union norms and funding to establish and legitimise more progressive institutions to advance equality, overcoming domestic resistance and gatekeeping. In turn, research exposes structural vulnerabilities for Wales' equalities agenda post-Brexit. Recent equality-related activity in Wales partially mitigates against post-Brexit risks, although vulnerabilities remain.

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