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This study apprises the local and global implication of ambient air quality index of Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. With the point of investigating the spatial and transient dissemination of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO 2), and Particulate Matter (PM 10) and their suggestions on human wellbeing, in view of neighborhood and global measures. Data were collected during the raining season and dry harmattan weather. From traffic, Industrial, commercial and residential areas, utilizing validated portable pollutant monitors (MSA Altair 5x Gas Detector a) to collect data on the concentration of air pollutants (CO and SO 2) and (CW-HAT200 Particulate Counter) for the concentration of particulate matters (PM 10). Equal allocation stratify sampling and purposive sampling were utilized for the selection of sample points. The data were analyzed in line with USEPA Air Quality Index calculation approach and using descriptive statistics. The findings reveal that the AQI of Kaduna Metropolis ranges from good to hazardous, CO has 57.57% and 24.24% of the sample sites AQI ranging from unhealthy to hazardous based on WHO/USEPA and NESREA standards respectively. Equally SO 2 has about 91%, 34.23%, 42.42% of the sites AQI ranging from unhealthy to hazardous base on WHO, USEPA and NESREA standards respectively. PM 10 has 75.76% and 18.18 of the sites AQI as hazardous base on WHO and USEPA standards, whereas none of the sites AQI is hazardous base on the NESREA standard. Further analysis shows that the northern part of the metropolis has more sites with unhealth AQI than the southern part of the metropolis. Also, the traffic land use has more of its sites AQI ranging from unhealthy to Sensitive group to hazardous. In conclusion this study provides empirical data on the AQI of Kaduna metropolis which ranges from good to hazardous. Thus, the need for the enforcement agencies to strictly enforce the guide lines regulating ambient pollution in the study area.

This study analyzes the varying spatial relationship between air pollutants [Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)] in Kaduna metropolis. This was aimed at having more insight into be characteristics of air pollutants in the study area, which was geared towards efficient environmental management of the city. Validated portable pollutant monitors (MSA Altair 5x Gas Detectora, CO2 meter Model AZ-0002-DL and CW-HAT200 Particulate Counter) were utilized for data collection, on the concentration of air pollutants CO and SO2; CO2 and particulate matters (PM2.5 and PM10) respectively. Pearson correlation and Geographical Weighed Regression (GWR) were used for data analysis, whereas, maps and tables were utilized for data presentation. The findings revealed that a non - perfect positive linear relationship exists between the air pollutants. The GWR model revealed that the distribution of the local R2 values vary spatially across Kaduna Metropolis, indicating that there is a spatially varying relationship between the air pollutants. Higher R2 values were mostly in the central and southern part of the metropolis except for PM2.5 and PM10 in the Northern part of the metropolis. The finding further reveals that CO has the strongest association with SO2, SO2 has the strongest association with PM2.5 and PM10, CO2 with SO2, PM10 has the highest association with PM2.5, likewise PM2.5 with PM10. The use of GWR to establish the existence of locally varying relationship between the air pollutants was successful. Hence, this study recommends the use of GWR to model air pollutants in cities with limited monitoring capability.

Developing groundwater is generally an excellent option for sustainable water supplies in Bauchi due to the ephemeral nature of surface water. However, the large variability in geological and hydrological conditions have a profound influence on the availability of groundwater across the study area. The rationale for this research is to contribute at least, in terms of providing empirical data towards sustainable development of groundwater resource, particularly in the Crystalline Basement hydrogeological unit of Bauchi area. Aquifer properties of wells within the Crystalline Basement were estimated from a constant-rate pumping test of 10 sampled wells by fitting mathematical models (type curves) to drawdown data through curve matching. Generally, yields of sampled boreholes within the crystalline basement aquifer range from 8.64 m 3 /d to 120.96 m 3 /d with an average of 52.36 m 3 /d. The total yield of the boreholes is about 661.83.m 3 /day. This can sustain a population of 26,473 based on water supply standard of 25 litres per day for rural communities (Babatola, 1997). Considering the total population of 12,218 people (NPC, 2014) that are currently using the water points in comparison to water supply standard of 25 litre per person per day, this shows that the aquifers from the 10 sampled boreholes have relatively enough groundwater in terms of yield to meet the water need of the population. However, any significant increase in population growth may result in water scarcity in these areas, as the Crystalline Basement aquifers generally have low yielding capacity. Also, the crystalline basement aquifer properties evaluated reveal that the transmissivity values range from 2.55 m 2 /day to 111.0 m 2 /day with an average of 38.94m 2 /day (Table 5). According to Offodile (2002), a transmissivity range of 5 to 50 m 2 /day could be regarded as high potential in crystalline rock situations. By the above standard, the crystalline basement aquifers in the area are classified as aquifers of negligible to high potentials. The specific capacities of boreholes in the study area were computed and the results show that they vary between 1.30 to 691.2 m 2 /d/m.

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