This study apprises the local and global implication of ambient air quality index of Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. With the point of investigating the spatial and transient dissemination of the Air Quality Index (AQI) of Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO 2), and Particulate Matter (PM 10) and their suggestions on human wellbeing, in view of neighborhood and global measures. Data were collected during the raining season and dry harmattan weather. From traffic, Industrial, commercial and residential areas, utilizing validated portable pollutant monitors (MSA Altair 5x Gas Detector a) to collect data on the concentration of air pollutants (CO and SO 2) and (CW-HAT200 Particulate Counter) for the concentration of particulate matters (PM 10). Equal allocation stratify sampling and purposive sampling were utilized for the selection of sample points. The data were analyzed in line with USEPA Air Quality Index calculation approach and using descriptive statistics. The findings reveal that the AQI of Kaduna Metropolis ranges from good to hazardous, CO has 57.57% and 24.24% of the sample sites AQI ranging from unhealthy to hazardous based on WHO/USEPA and NESREA standards respectively. Equally SO 2 has about 91%, 34.23%, 42.42% of the sites AQI ranging from unhealthy to hazardous base on WHO, USEPA and NESREA standards respectively. PM 10 has 75.76% and 18.18 of the sites AQI as hazardous base on WHO and USEPA standards, whereas none of the sites AQI is hazardous base on the NESREA standard. Further analysis shows that the northern part of the metropolis has more sites with unhealth AQI than the southern part of the metropolis. Also, the traffic land use has more of its sites AQI ranging from unhealthy to Sensitive group to hazardous. In conclusion this study provides empirical data on the AQI of Kaduna metropolis which ranges from good to hazardous. Thus, the need for the enforcement agencies to strictly enforce the guide lines regulating ambient pollution in the study area.

This paper examined the possible breading space of tsetse flies in Ikom Local Governement Area and it's environs in Cross River State, Nigeria, using remote sensing and geographic information system techniques. The study used supervised classification techniques with maximum likelihood algorithms to classify the satellite imagery in to four categories as vegetation-agriculture, water bodies, built-up lands, and other land uses and digitized all the rivers on the imagery as polylines. A buffer operation of 1km away from the digitized area was done; an overlaid analysis was carried out on the buffered operation and the classified image, so as to analyze the probability of breeding of the tsetse flies on each parcel of land. The study grouped the possible breeding sites of the tsetse flies into three; most probable, moderately probable and less probable breeding space. Result of the findings reveals that 48.496 Hectares (24.64 %) is most probable for tsetse flies to breed on, 107.54 hectares (54.24 %) is moderately probable, and 42.231 Hectares (21.3 %) is less probable. Based on the findings of the study it's apparent that Ikom Local Governement Area and it's environs provide a good breeding space and habitat for tsetse flies, it becomes imperative for all stakeholders in the control and eradication of tsetse flies, to work towards its total eradication in the area.

This study assessed the land-use and land-cover changes of Kaduna South LGA, Kaduna State within the period of 30 years (1987 to 2016). Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System approach was employed in the study, where Landsat 5, 7, and 8 series images of 1987, 2001, and 2016 were classified into four categories; built-up, agricultural, vegetation, and water-body. The classification results, after accuracy assessment, provided the LULC makeup statistics at each epoch. The image classification results were crossed to ascertain the transitions between the study epochs. ERDAS Imagine 14.0 was used for the image bands combination, subset, classification and accuracy assessment while the analysis, manipulation and presentation were executed in ArcMap 10.3. The study revealed that the built-up land increased from 26.71% in 1987 to 59.41% in 2016, while agricultural land decreased from 44.14% to 11.56% in 2016. Water-body increased from 0.77% to 0.78% over the period. Also observed that vegetation increased from 28.38% to 31.36%, and then decreased to 28.25% in 2016. Therefore, the study recommends that land use/land cover change studies should be carried out and updated annually as it forms a basis for planning and decision making towards environmental sustainability.

This study examines the relationship between ungoverned spaces and insurgency in the Borno State, Nigeria. The aim is to understand the influence of geographical variables on the activities of insurgence. The study used satellite data, population data and data on insurgency attack in the study area. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, percentage rise in slope analysis and reclassification were used for the satellite data processing.  Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that LGAs in the central and the southern parts of the state recorded the highest number of insurgency attacks. The central and far northern part of the state has more vegetal cover, which has influenced the high incidence of insurgency attack observed. In addition, the very high incidence of insurgency attack (145) observed in Gwoza LGA, is largely attributed to the presence of the Gwoza Mountain, which is one of the main strong holds of the insurgents in Borno State. The GWR analysis reveals that the performance of the model with the population density was much better than the other variables with a corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) value of 273.15, R-Squared values of 0.0323, 0.0224, 0.0203 and 0.8901 for the undulating terrain, vegetation, combination of vegetation and undulating terrain, and population density respectively. Thus, the study concludes that vegetal cover and population density have more influence on insurgency attack in the study area. Hence, the need for policy makers and security establishments to properly monitor the forested areas.

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