Phyllanthus niruri has many pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. Phyllanthus niruri has been widely developed from extracts into herbal products. The flavonoid quercetin became an analytical marker compound to ensure the quality of P. niruri extracts in the Indonesian herbal pharmacopeia II. This study aimed to determine the levels of quercetin in extract and herbal products using the TLC Densitometry method. TLC Densitometry method using chloroform: ethyl acetate: formic acid (5:4:1) as the mobile phase and silica GF254 as the stationary phase. The Rf value of the quercetin compound obtained is 0.50. The Rs quercetin is 1.56 in the extract and 2.55 in the product. The maximum wavelength for quercetin is 366 nm. The results of quercetin levels were 3.579% in the extract and 0.0412% in herbal products. The TLC densitometry method can analyze quercetin in extracts and herbal products.

Objective: The study aimed to synthesize four analogs of 1-allyl-3-benzoylthiourea (R= H; 2-Cl; 3-Cl; and 4-Cl), and evaluate their pain inhibition activities. Method: The chemical structure was drawn assisted by ChemDraw Ultra 8.0 and Chem3D Ultra 8.0 software. Molegro Virtual Docker 5.0 software was utilized for the docking process, to determine the interaction energy values between compounds of interest and the COX-2 receptor (PDB: 1PXX). The synthesis step was done by nucleophilic substitution (benzoylation) on allylthiourea compound via modified Schotten-Baumann reaction. Chemical structure analysis was evaluated by means of Infra-Red, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Mass Spectroscopy methods. The pain inhibition assay was done using acetic acid induced writhing test, using mice (Mus musculus) as animal model. Results: Preliminary in silico screening showed that all four candidate compounds possessed good interaction on COX-2 receptor. The synthesis process produced rendemen of the compounds vary between 15.2 %-47%. Chemical structure evaluation confirmed the structural match of the products as expected. Acetic acid induced writhing test in mice (Mus musculus) showed that three compounds possessed a better pain inhibition activity compared to positive control diclofenac sodium. Conclusion: 1-allyl-3-benzoylthiourea analogs showed good pain inhibition activity. The compounds can serve as leads for analgesic activity through the inhibition of COX-2.Keywords: Synthesis; 1-allyl-3-benzoylthiourea; COX-2; Analgesic; Lead Compound; Key Message: Thiourea compounds have been known for their vary pharmacological activites. The novelty of this research is the compounds that are synthesized in search of analgesic lead compound. Additionally, the results showed that the compounds possessed good pain inhibition activity, and need to be developed further.

Background: New antimicrobial substances are increasingly needed to face issues of antibacterial resistance, and plants are one of the potential sources of these substances. The Tengger people of East Java, Indonesia empirically possess the knowledge of medicinal plants that need to be documented and assessed further for their potencies. Objectives: This study aimed to find plants with the potency of antimicrobial activity, by quantifying ethnomedicinal data from The Tengger people. Materials and Methods: In this study, snowball sampling was chosen as the sampling method. Information about medicinal plants was obtained by interview with a semi-structured questionnaire, and four indices namely: ethnobotanical richness, use-value index, fidelity level, and knowledge value index were used for quantifying the information gathered from the respondents. Results: The results showed that four plants had prominent values of indices, which were adas (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), jambu wer (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), sempretan (Eupatorium sp.), and kayu ampet (Astronia macrophylla L.). Those four plants were recognized by The Tengger people for their medicinal properties, which were anti-diarrhea (jambu wer and sempretan), cough reliever (adas), and wound remedies (sempretan). Conclusion:The plants had the potency to be explored further for their antimicrobial activity. Further exploration is needed to find new active compounds responsible for antimicrobial activity.

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