Prediabetes remains a diagnostic dilemma. It refers to impaired glycaemic values without reaching the threshold for diagnosing diabetes mellitus. Prediabetes is an important risk factor for the development of diabetes mellitus, and it constitutes the stage during which microvascular and macrovascular complications are initiated. Early and accurate identification of this stage is the gold standard for prevention of diabetes and its consequences. Despite the multiplicity of diagnostic tests proposed for identification of this condition, a reliable test remains elusive. This article aims at reviewing the different available tests for diagnosis of prediabetes states with a focus on serum insulin levels. Insulin plays a major role in the pathophysiology and development of prediabetes. Different mechanisms of insulin resistance and insulin secretion are established in different subtypes of prediabetes. Therefore, fasting insulin level seems to be a reliable and promising tool for diagnosis and management of prediabetes.

Background: Among hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism is considered to be the most common disease, and is subdivided into congenital or acquired, based on the onset. The exact site of dysfunction can further classify the disease into primary and secondary. It is crucial to determine the level of severity of the disease as severe cases may end up in a coma. On the other hand, mild cases may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis is mainly based on serum thyroid hormones levels, and the treatment depends on thyroxine administration with an excellent prognosis. Aim of this review: was to explore the types of hypothyroidism, its diagnosis, and study the best course of management that must be followed. Methodology: We conducted this review using a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE, January 1985, through February 2017. The following search terms were used: hypothyroidism, myxedema, classification of thyroid diseases, investigation of hypothyroidism, management of hypothyroidism. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism is a common disease that usually affects females more than males. Populations at higher risk include, old women, pregnant women, dyslipidemic patients, and patients with a history of radiation exposure. Diagnosis is based on measurement of TSH along with the thyroid hormone levels. Management includes administration of thyroxine, and must be done early.

Background: It remains unclear how many hours of sleep are associated with the lowest risk of diabetes type II. This meta-analysis was completed to evaluate the dose-response relationship between sleep duration and risk of diabetes type II.Methods: We conducted this meta-analysis using a comprehensive search of Medline, Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials till 01 May 2017 for prospective observational studies that assessed the relationship of sleep duration and risk of type II diabetes. Both semiparametric and parametric methods were used.Results: Ten articles with 7 reports were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. A total of 16,123 incident cases of type II diabetes were ascertained among 402,397 participants with follow-up periods ranging from 3 to 17 years. The relationship was observed between sleep duration and risk of type II diabetes, with the lowest risk observed at a sleep duration category of 7–8 h per day. Compared with 7-h sleep duration per day, the pooled relative risks for type II diabetes were 1.11 (95% CI 1.06–1.17) for each 1-h shorter sleep duration among individuals who slept <7 h per day and 1.13 (1.05–1.31) for each 1-h increment of sleep duration among individuals with longer sleep duration.Conclusions: Both short and long sleep duration are linked with a considerably increased risk of type II diabetes, underscoring the significance of appropriate sleep duration in the delay or prevention of type II diabetes.