BackgroundThis present study sought to assess the modulatory effects of five Nigerian traditional polyherbal in high fructose-fed, streptozotocin-induced (HF-STZ) Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in rats. T2D was achieved via fructose feeding (20%W/V) ad libitum for 2 weeks and streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) (15th Day) intraperitoneally.MethodsSeventy-two hours after STZ injection, fourty-eight diabetic rats were divided into eight of 6 rats/group: Diabetic normal untreated, glibenclamide (GBLI, 0.07 mL/kg) or yoyo (YB, 0.43), ruzu (RB, 0.08), fajik (FJB, 0.20), oroki (OB, 0.16), and fidson (FB, 0.43)/ mL/kg bitters respectively. Controls normal and diabetic untreated groups received intragastric carboxylmethylcellulose (CMC, 1 mL/kg) for eleven days.ResultsT2D was characterized in rats by an increased (p < 0.001–0.05) blood glucose levels (BGL), total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein and alanine aminotransferase compared with control CMC group. Similarly, hepatic and pancreatic malondialdehyde (MDA) were increased by 180 and 97% respectively. Polyherbal treatments demonstrated efficacies on BGL as follow: YB (55.6%, 160.7 mg/dL); RB (59.7%, 145.2 mg/dL); FJB (59.8%, 243.4 mg/dL); OB (60.8%, 194.5 mg/dL) and FB (61.3%, 203.3 mg/dL) respectively by day 11 (versus GBLI, 65.1%) compared with control untreated diabetic rats. Also, elevated TC, LDL cholesterol, ALT were lowered (p < 0.05) by YB, FJB, and FB respectively in rats. YB, FJB, and OB lowered MDA levels in treated rats. Further, YB, RB, FJB and FB restored changes in liver, and pancreas histopathology. Predominant non-polar bioactive include oleic, hexadecanoic, octadecanoic among others following gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analyses.ConclusionOverall, these present results demonstrate anti-hyperglycemic potentials, although with cautions, of some polyherbal in T2D rats, which may, in part, be antioxidants mediated.

Background: Though sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is known to promote oxidative stress, there is paucity of information on the relationship between oxidative stress and vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). Objective: This study was undertaken to evaluate the relationship of oxidative stress and antioxidant response with VOC in SCA. Methods: A cross-sectional case-control study was carried out at University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Itu- ku-Ozalla, Enugu Nigeria involving 116 individuals which included 36 SCA subject, 40 sickle cell carriers (AS) and 40 healthy individuals (AA). Baseline information as well as the frequency of VOC was obtained from the participants and anaemia as well as oxidative stress and antioxidant indices were assessed in blood. Results: Anaemia was prevalent (88.9 %) in SCA individuals compared to AS (52.5%) and AA (47.5 %) individuals. Nitric oxide scavenging (NOS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities as well as glutathione level were significantly (p<0.005) lower while catalase activity was higher in SCA individuals compared to controls (AA and AS). Higher malondialdehyde (MDA) level was associated with very severe VOC while low level of NOS activity was associated with severe VOC in SCA individuals. Conclusion: Sickle cell anaemia exhibited oxidative stress and alteration in the levels of antioxidant indices which was pos- sibly associated with vaso-occlusive crisis. Keywords: Sickle cell anaemia; oxidative stress; antioxidant; vaso-occlusive crisis.

Abstract:Obesity is known to be a major risk factor of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and responsible for most lipid abnormalities associated with the disease but limited data on such association are available for diabetic patients of Igbo ethnicity in the South East region of Nigeria. A case-control study involving 72 T2D patients and 75 non-diabetic (ND) patients (control) of Igbo ethnicity was conducted. Demographic and anthropometric data were obtained followed by blood collection for the determination of fasting blood sugar (FBS), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Obesity based on waist circumference (WC) was significantly higher (p  0.001) in T2D patients compared to their non-diabetic counterparts. Similarly, TC, TG and LDL levels were significantly (p  0.001) higher in T2D patients while HDL was significantly lower (p  0.001) in T2D patients compared to the control. The proportion of dyslipidaemia characterized by high TC, high TG, high LDL and low HDL was significantly higher (p  0.001) in T2D patients. BMI correlated positively (p  0.05) with WC, TC, and LDL while FBS correlated positively (p  0.05) with TG but negatively with HDL. In conclusion, dyslipidaemia characterised by hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, elevated LDL and reduced HDL, as well as obesity were associated with T2D and correlated with FBS in this population.

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Recent studies have shown that Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in rats can result through a synergy that link obesity to insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. This present study achieved T2D via high fructose (20%, p.o.), streptozotocin single dose (40 mg/kg, i.p.) (HFSTZ) in rats. Also, chemoprotective potential of butanol fraction of (BFBC) was demonstrated. Control normal and diabetic untreated (HFSTZ-induced T2D) rats received carboxymethyl cellulose (1 mg/kg, p.o.). Diabetic rats received intragastric BFBC (20, 200, 400 mg/kg), glibenclamide (0.07 mg/kg), and BFBC (200mg/kg) plus glibenclamide treatments respectively. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging activities and α-amylase inhibition were assessed. After two weeks of treatments, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, renal and liver function, serum insulin as well as oxidative stress biomarkers were assessed. BFBC shows highest antioxidants and α-amylase inhibitory activities HFSTZ-induced T2D produced hyperglycemia (p< 0.05 - 0.001; F = 5.26 - 26.47), serum hyperinsulinaemia (6-folds) plus elevated lipid peroxidation levels. Similarly, there were altered lipid profiles, liver and renal biomarker enzymes plus weight loss. BFBC administration alone or in combination with glibenclamide reversed T2D symptomatologies in treated animals, and improved body weights against control diabetic rats. antioxidant activities also improved while histological sections in treated rats show reduced tissue damage in pancreas, kidneys, liver and heart respectively. Oleic, stearic, 2-methyl-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic and n-hexadecanoic acids were present in BFBC in large quantities given gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Overall, data from this study suggest chemoprotective potentials of BFBC against HFSTZ-induced T2D rats.