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Results obtained from our study demonstrate that both VEGF and HGF are secreted in vitro by human breastmilk mesenchymal stem cells. The roles of VEGF and HGF in surfactant secretion, pulmonary maturation, and neonatal maturity have been well established. Thus, we emphasize that breastmilk-derived MSCs could be a potent therapeutic source in treating neonatal diseases. Besides, due to its immense potency, the study also emphasizes the importance of breastfeeding, which is promoted by organizations like the World Heatlh Organization and UNICEF.

Objective: Human sperm parameters varies widely among men and even between consecutive samples in the same individual with respect to their concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA fragmentation. Less is known about the characteristics of sperm in short abstinence periods. Hence, the current study was conducted to determine the influence of consecutive ejaculate on above parameters after short abstinence period in oligospermic males.Methods: This observational study was conducted from January 2018 to February 2019 and included 67 men undergoing primary infertility treatment at the SDM Fertility Centre, Dharwad, India. The first semen sample was provided after an abstinence period of 2-7 days, while the second sample was collected 1-3 h after the first. The two consecutive semen samples were analyzed according to the 2010 WHO criteria for semen analysis and their parameters were compared. Sperm DNA fragmentation was also measured.Results: Most of the participants were aged of 31 to 40 years (68.6%). The majority of them had the second sample collected after a 1-hour interval (88%); 10.4% of the subjects had the second sample collected after a 2-hour interval; the remaining 1.4% had the second sample collected after a 3-hour interval. Mean concentration (mill/ ml), total motility, and progressive motility (%) were significantly higher in the second sample (p<0.05). The second sample also showed lower DNA fragmentation than the first ejaculate sample.Conclusions: Our study inferred that consecutive semen samples collected 1-3 hours apart might have a role in managing subfertility in oligospermic males. Further research, possibly a randomized clinical trial, is needed to explore this association.

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Endometrium is a dynamic organ, which undergoes extensive proliferation and regeneration throughout reproductive cycle of women. Hence, extensive research on adult stem cells of endometrium is underway. An easy approach to identify stem cells is its marker characterization. However, does these markers behave same in all conditions of stem cells in-vitro is uncertain? Hence, the main objective of the study is to check if mesenchymal stem cells of the endometrium (eMSCs) could retain its marker characterization at various passages in-vitro.The study design was accomplished as follows: The endometrial tissue (n=10) were collected from reproductively active women with a mean age of 35±1.5 and body mass index of 24±1.4, undergoing D&C/hysterectomy. Samples were collected in a sterile manner. The plastic, adherent mesenchymal stem cells obtained from endometrial tissue (eMSCs) are characterized for markers such as CD44, CD166, CD106, CD49d, CD31, CD54, CD34, CD117, CD90, CD105, CD73, CD140b, ABCG2 at various passages (P1, P3, P5 & P10) in-vitro using flowcytometry. The obtained results were analysed statistically using student's t-test and significant results are discussed.The study identified tissue-specific markers of eMSCs, where the percentage expression of most of the markers was consistently similar at P3 and P10, expect for CD49d and CD54, which showed a reduction pattern and ABCG2, which showed an increase in percentage at P10 as compared to P3. This article reveals the significance of in-depth marker characterization of human endometrial stem cells in-vitro.