Background and Aim: Metaphor is a systematic relationship between two conceptual domains. In metaphor; an experimental or sensual domain called source domain, is related to another domain as target domain. The purpose of this study was to review understanding of metaphorical time pattern in the medical and paramedical students based on gender, age and academic status. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study included 120 medical and paramedical students of Tehran medical university with minimum undergraduate university degree. Time metaphorical pattern questionnaire which had been designed by Raiisi (2019) on the basis of time metaphor corpus analysis included 3 subscales of object, place and matter. Pearson correlation test, T test, analysis of one-way variance and post hoc test (least significant difference) were used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there was no difference between gender and understanding of metaphorical time pattern. Higher educational levels (from undergraduate to postgraduate and specialty courses) led to better understanding of metaphorical time pattern in Persian speaker students. Students of higher age showed improved understanding of metaphorical time pattern in relation to the object subclass. Conclusion: Perception of the time is not dependent on gender but can be improved with increasing age and higher academic levels.

Background and Aim: Administration of the therapy protocols can increase psychological well-being with resultant decrease in the work-family conflict. The purpose of this study was to make a comparison between the effects of group-based acceptance and commitment therapy and group-based reality therapy on work-family conflict and psychological well-being with maintenance effect among married female tele-communication company staffs in Tehran, in 2018-2019. Materials and Methods: This was a semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow-up design. 45 employees were selected purposefully and randomly were assigned to three groups. For data collection we used work-family questionnaire (Netemeyer, Boles & McMurrian, 1996) & psychological well-being scale (Ryff, 1989) and two therapeutic protocols (group-based acceptance and commitment therapy and group-based reality therapy). We used mix variance analysis and frequency measurement variance analysis. Results: Comparison of the effects of group therapy with acceptance and commitment therapy with those of group-based reality therapy showed different results on reduction of work-family conflict. Also in regard to positive relationships with others (psychological wellbeing), acceptance and commitment therapy showed different efficacy compared to group therapy based on reality. Conclusion:We concluded that group-based acceptance & commitment therapy can be used for improvement of the psychological well-being, and group-based reality therapy can be a suitable way for reduction of the work-family conflicts.

Introduction: Internet addiction among university students is affected by various psychological factors that include social skills and mental security. Aim:The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between students' social skills and psychological security with internet addiction and also to predict internet addiction based on social skills and psychological security of Payam-Noor University students. Method:The method of this study was descriptive-correlational. The population was all Payam-Noor university students in Tehran who were students in 2019. The sample of this study included 250 university students who were selected through random cluster sampling. In addition to demographic questionnaire, Young internet addiction questionnaire (1996), Matson social skills questionnaire (1983) & Maslow mental security (2004) were used. Descriptive statistics indices (mean and standard deviation) and multivariate regression analysis were used for data analysis by SPSS-22 software. Results:The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between internet addiction with social skills & mental security among university students (P<0.05). Moreover, 8.7% of the variance in internet addiction was explained by social skills & 2.3% of the variance in internet addiction was explained by mental security. Conclusion:To conclude, it seems that the level of social skills and high psychological security has a positive and significant relationship with the reduction of internet addiction and it can predict reduction of internet addiction.