In the present study a simple and novel high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for quantitative determination of glycyrrhizin at stomach pH and its comparison with normal pH has been developed for marketed antistress liquorice root capsules and herbal tea. Chromatography was performed by using solvents including ethyl acetate:glacial acetic acid:methanol:water in proportion of 5:2:2:1, v/v/v/v as mobile phase. The developed plate was scanned and quantified densitometrically at absorption maxima 254 nm. The system was found to give compact spot for glycyrrhizin (Rf = 0.29 ± 0.001). The linearity relationship was described by the equation: Y = 2.103X + 25.289. Linearity range for glycyrrhizin was 100-1000 ng (r 2 = 0.996). The amount of glycyrrhizin was estimated by comparing the peak area of standard and the same was present in the crude extract of antistress herbal formulations. The content of glycyrrhizin in 1 g of drug material at normal pH (i.e. 6.8) of methanol was estimated as 7.50 % w/w and 6.05 % w/w in a dose of sample liquorice root and herbal tea, respectively. At pH 2.58 the glycyrrhizin concentration declined to 5.43 % w/w and 3.28 % w/w in sample liquorice root and herbal tea, respectively. The method was validated for precision, accuracy, recovery, robustness, specificity, detection and quantification limits in accordance with ICH guidelines.

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a polyradiculoneuropathy autoimmune disease that is characterized by significant inflammation that affects the peripheral nervous system in a rapidly progressive pattern that is mainly clinically presented by muscle weakness. The present literature review aims to broadly discuss GBS: etiology, pathophysiology and management in order to gain an understading of the existing studies that are relevant to this literature review. Among the reported antibodies, anti-GM1 and anti-GQ1B have been reported to be responsible for attacking and damaging either the neuromuscular junctions or peripheral nerves. Moreover, it has been found that the anti-GD1a antibodies in patients bind to the neuromuscular junction and also bind to the nodes of Ranvier of the peripheral nerves and the paranodal myelin of the affected nerves. Reports have shown that this disease is identified as special forms of neuropathies that develop in immune-mediated, post-infection sequelae. Furthermore, in another study it was reported that Molecular mimicry has been previously reported to significantly correlate with the development of the disease as it was investigated in animal models. In addition, Campylobacter jejuni, a pathogen that causes gastrointestinal infections has been previously reported to predispose to the development of GBS in humans. However, scientists have found that plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) remain the most significant and efficacious factors in managing the disease. Nevertheless, recent trials have investigated other approaches that are less efficacious and can lead to serious adverse events and complications.

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) occurs in infants when the head is subjected to excessive acceleration and deceleration. Guthkelch first identified SBS when he noticed that infants with subdural hematoma did not always have gross markings, indicating the possibility of a baby shaking. The rotational force pushes the brain against the skull, causing various types of head and neck injuries. Ophthalmologic testing for retinal haemorrhages and ocular fundus, which can rule out SBS, is one of the tests for SBS. Immunohistochemical staining for -amyloid precursor protein (-APP) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) accurately identify brain injuries and bleeding, resulting in a more accurate diagnosis of SBS. SBS symptoms are shared by other etiologies, making it difficult to determine the true cause of infantile injury. Experiments using biomechanical models to recreate the whiplash movement have not revealed subdural haemorrhaging, but limitations in the models have doubt to these results.