(350) patients were included in this study. SPSS version 12 was used for data analysis. Frequencies and percentages were calculated to present qualitative variables and mean ± standard deviation was calculated to present quantitative data. Results: A total of 350 patients were included in this study. Out of 350 patients, depression was found in 104 patients. Out of these 104 patients, 52 patients (50.0%) had mild depression, 37 patients (35.6%) had moderate depression while 115 patients (14.4%) had severe depression. Conclusion: Antenatal depression was noted in 29.7% of patients. Most common contributing factor was low socioeconomic status (64.4%) a second factor was no partner social support (22.1%) and previous history of psychiatric of psychological consultation (13.5%) of antenatal depression. Key words:Antenatal depression, Psychological consultation.

Ligands which selectively activate only one of the estrogen receptors, ERα or ERβ, are current pharmaceutical targets. Previously, we have reported on substituted cis A-CD ligands in which the B-ring of the steroidal structure has been removed and cis refers the stereochemistry of the CD ring junction as compared to trans in estradiol. These compounds often showed good potency and selectivity for ERβ. Here we report the synthesis and binding affinities for a similar series of trans A-CD ligands, and compare them to the cis-series. Counterintuitively, trans A-CD ligands, which are structurally more closely related to the natural ligand estradiol, show weaker binding and less β-selectivity than their cis-counterparts.

Background: Professionalism is a global quality expected in medical students’ along with clinical skills. Behavioral sciences have been included in 3rd year MBBS curriculum since 2014 at FJMU. The purpose of this change is to enhance Professionalism formally in addition to other areas of the subject. This study aims to determine effectiveness of studying behavioral sciences as a subject in enhancing elements of Professionalism. Subjects and Methods: The mixed-methods study was used and a sample of 240 3rd year medical students was taken by convenient sampling. In the first (quantitative) phase of the study, Penn State College of Medicine Professionalism Questionnaire (PSCOM-PQ) was administered before and after studying behavioral sciences as a subject, to collect pre and post statistical results about students’ attitudes towards professionalism. The results were analyzed by paired sample t-test. In the second (qualitative) phase, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was conducted to reveal the reasons for professionalism development and role of Behavioral Sciences in its development. 8 students were selected by purposeful homogeneous sampling technique. FGD session was audio-taped and transcribed, finally thematic analysis was done. Results: The results showed highly significant increase (p-value= 0.00, t= -74.39, mean= -72, SD= 14.99) in the scores of Professionalism after studying behavioral sciences as a subject. The broad themes identified by FGD were “Professionalism Related Skills Learned through Behavioral Sciences” and “Modes of Information Transfers’ Role in Professionalism Understanding”. The professional skills conceptualized by the students included emotional stability, empathy, psychoeducation, confidentiality, competency and sense of responsibility. The participants felt that professionalism develops by the means of lectures, workshops, role plays, modeling and formal assessment sessions. Conclusion: Study of behavioral science has significant effect in the development of professionalism among MBBS students and is well received by third year MBBS students.

Background & Objectives: Depression and anxiety are common mental health disorders around the world. This study aims to examine efficacy of eidetic image therapy in comparison to cognitive behavior therapy for treating depressive and anxiety disorders, and to compare the patients' dropout ratio in these therapies. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial conducted from January through June 2021 in psychiatry department of Sir Ganga Ram hospital Lahore. Using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, 60 adult patients with depressive and anxiety disorders were recruited and were randomly and equally assigned to experimental (eidetic image therapy) and control (cognitive behavior therapy) groups. These participants received respective therapies and followed. Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used at baseline and after conducting five therapy sessions. Paired t-test was used to compare the mean difference and p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Descriptive analysis demonstrated a major difference in dropout numbers of eidetic image therapy (9; 30 %) and cognitive behavior therapy (25; 83 %). The efficacy of both interventions was statistically incomparable due to this excessive number of dropouts in control group. However, eidetic image therapy showed a significant difference (p<0.001) in pre and post therapy ratings; each patient exhibited a marked decline in depression/anxiety symptoms after taking 5 sessions. Conclusion: Eidetic imagery is a promising therapeutic utility for depressive and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavior therapy is also an effective treatment methodology but this narrative is based on analysis of few cases.

Background: Cannabis is the most frequently used substance among patients of schizophrenia. Past deliberate surveys have reported a strong association between cannabis abuse and schizophrenia. However; the whole frequency of cannabis abuse among schizophrenia patients remains ambiguous, as do the variables influencing this rate. Because cannabis abuse in schizophrenia is presently an active area of research, so there is a requirement for a fresh review particularly in our culture where studies are lacking on this topic. Objective: The current study explores the frequency of cannabis abuse among patients suffering from schizophrenia presenting in a tertiary care hospital of Lahore. Methods: Cross-sectional prospective research design was used. Sample of 381 diagnosed patients of schizophrenia using cannabis for at least one year was selected from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, by convenient sampling technique. Drug Abuse Screening Test was applied for the frequency of cannabis abuse. The data were stored and analysed in SPSS version 20. Results: The results revealed that cannabis abuse was present among 42.3% of the patients with schizophrenia. Chi-square analysis showed that there were significant differences among the frequencies of cannabis abuse regarding various age groups, where young age group had significantly higher ratio of cannabis abuse (p=.04). On using independent sample t-test for marital status and duration of the schizophrenia, it was found that cannabis abuse was significantly higher among unmarried patients (t=-4.24, p=.001), however, no significant differences were found for duration of schizophrenia (t=-1.50, p=0.43). Conclusion: The study highlights cannabis abuse is more prevalent in the males as compared to the females. Young age group of patients is more prone to cannabis. These findings can help to decrease the comorbidity of schizophrenia associated with cannabis abuse.