Acute viral bronchiolitis places a major demand on primary health care and paediatric hospital services in the UK during the winter months. It is the most common lower respiratory tract illness of infancy and results in hospital admission in 1-2% of all children under the age of 1 year.1 These infants account for 25% of paediatric bed occupancy in this period. Longer term sequelae are common after bronchiolitis, with up to 70% of infants experiencing recurrent cough and wheeze. [2][3][4][5][6][7]

These results demonstrate that both oestrogen and the specific OR-alpha receptor agonist, PPT, can significantly and to similar degrees augment myoblast number and activation following exercise-induced muscle damage. This suggests that oestrogen acts through an OR-mediated mechanism to stimulate myoblast proliferation following exercise, with OR-alpha playing a primary role.

We report the case of an integrase strand-transfer inhibitor (INI)-resistant and four-drug-class-resistant HIV-1 variant infecting an antiretroviral therapy-naive man. The virus harboured INI drug resistance substitutions (Q148H and G140S) along with multiple reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitor resistance mutations. This case illustrates an emerging need to consider the possibility of acquired INI resistance among newly diagnosed treatment-naive individuals harbouring multidrug-resistant HIV-1.

OBJECTIVE -The aim of this study was to examine the association of physical activity with glucose tolerance and resting energy expenditure (REE) among adolescents.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Subjects were 32 male and female adolescents aged 12-18 years. Intravenous glucose tolerance (K g ) and REE were assessed under inpatient conditions after an overnight fast. K g was determined as the inverse slope of time versus (ln) glucose over minutes 8 -19 of an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Physical activity was assessed over 8 days using accelerometry (counts per minute).RESULTS -In multiple linear regression analysis, K g was positively associated with total physical activity (TPA), moderate physical activity (MPA), and 5-min bouts of MPA. Similarly, REE was positively associated with TPA, MPA, and 5-min bouts of MPA.CONCLUSIONS -In this population, physical activity was positively related to both glucose tolerance and REE. These results suggest that moderate activity may be beneficial in the prevention of diabetes in adolescent populations both through promoting efficient glucose disposal and through increasing energy expenditure.Diabetes Care 32:9-13, 2009

Limited research has been conducted on the effects of progesterone alone, or in combination with estrogen, on leukocyte infiltration in skeletal muscle following exercise. To investigate the effects of these female sex hormones, ovariectomized female rats were divided into 4 exercise and 4 control groups: sham, estrogen, progesterone, and a combination of estrogen plus progesterone. Following 8 days of hormone replacement and 24 h postexercise, soleus (red) and superficial (white) vastus muscles were removed and immunostained for His48 (neutrophil)- and ED1 (macrophage)-positive cells. The postexercise increase in leukocyte infiltration was completely (p < 0.05) attenuated with estrogen supplementation alone in both muscle types, relative to sham. Progesterone treatment alone also resulted in a smaller (20%-30%) but significant (p < 0.05) attenuation of postexercise muscle leukocyte infiltration. The combination of estrogen and progesterone treatment did not significantly alter the attenuation seen with estrogen supplementation alone. Hence, progesterone can independently attenuate postexercise muscle leukocyte infiltration, albeit to a lesser degree than estrogen, and it will not negate or accentuate the effect of estrogen.