A complete 120 bp genomic consensus sequence for the mouse minor satellite has been determined from enriched L929 centromeric sequences. The extensive sequence homology existing between the major and minor satellite suggests an evolutionary relationship. Some sequences flanking the minor satellite has also been identified and they provide insight into centromeric DNA organization. Isotopic in situ hybridization analysis of the minor satellite to mouse L929 and Mus musculus metaphase spreads showed that this repetitive DNA class is localized specifically to centromeres of all chromosomes of the karyotype. With the use of high resolution non-isotopic fluorescence in situ hybridization the minor satellite is further localized to the outer surface of the centromere in a discrete region at or immediately adjacent to the kinetochore. Our cytological data suggests that the minor satellite might play a role in the organization of the kinetochore region rather than, as previously suggested, sites for general anchoring of the genome to the nuclear matrix.

The last few years have seen the end of the Athabasca land play and the revival of interest in Alberta's bitumen resources in carbonate reservoirs. Of these, the Grosmont Formation is the most promising in terms of resource size and concentration. It is also the best known, in terms of having been the subject of several in situ pilots operated in the late '70s and early '80s. The data recorded from these early pilots is priceless in terms of having a touchstone of reality for new process concepts. On the other hand, the interpretations written in those days ('before gravity') are not necessarily as helpful. This paper looks at the Grosmont in terms of facts and fundamentals, and presents the case for Grosmont exploitation. There is good evidence that the Grosmont has very high bulk permeability as a result of karst porosity development and fracturing. This bodes well for the use of modern gravity drainage methods in the Grosmont. Introduction Grosmont Piloting History The Grosmont Formation in north-central Alberta is a dolomitized, karsted and fractured platform carbonate containing a massive bitumen accumulation. An excellent historical summary of various Grosmont pilots was recently provided by Alvarez et al.(1) Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS), steam drive and forward combustion were all attempted in the Grosmont during the '70s and '80s. CSS was the most widely and successfully piloted method. The best well, at 10A-5-88-19W4, recovered about 100,000 bbls of oil over 10 cycles, with a cumulative steam-oil ratio (CSOR) of about 6. Results of other tests were mixed, as were the operating procedures; most of these were based on horizontal flooding concepts. However, responses to well-executed CSS first cycles were reasonably similar at a number of widely-spaced wells. Notably, steam injectivity was generally sufficient so that a few hundred tonnes/day could be injected at pressures that were significantly below overburden pressure (ruling out geomechanical enhancement of permeability). A degree of pessimism, or at least great caution, has been expressed with respect to the supposed complexity of the reservoir, and hence, prospects for commercial recovery. In particular, it is often said that the reservoir is very heterogenous, and that this explains the historical failure of attempted steam drive and fire flood processes. Review of the Unocal Buffalo Creek and McLean scheme reports(2, 3) suggest that much of this originates in the interpretations of the contemporary operators, who largely explored conventional EOR concepts involving horizontal displacement. They expected to recover oil by means of horizontal, radial flow. When this failed, it was natural to assume that the problem lay in a failure to maintain the 'radial' part of the prescription, due to permeability heterogeneity. Figure 1 presents the performance of the Buffalo Creek 10A-5 CSS test in perspective with a contemporary test and two modern-day, commercially-optimized CSS wells (the data is publicly available from the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board). It can be seen that the Grosmont well had comparable performance to a Clearwater CSS test of the same vintage.

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The cytological distribution of the major and minor satellite first identified in Mus musculus was studied in the karyotypes of three related subspecies and two other species of the genus Mus. Both the major and minor satellite showed species dependent hybridization patterns. The major satellite is confined to the centromere region in M. musculus and related subspecies. However, in M spretus and M. caroli, the chromosomal arm regions contain this sequence class. In contrast the minor satellite is found at the kinetochore region in M. musculus and related subspecies but is distributed throughout the entire centromeric domain in M. spretus and appears to be excluded from the chromosomes of M. caroli. There is an apparent correlation between the chromosomal location of these satellites and their phylogenetic relationship. Determination of the biological roles of the major and minor satellites from M. musculus must take into account their differential chromosomal distribution in other Mus species.