The low consumption of animal protein food is one of the causes of the increasing number of stunting in Indonesia. This study analyzes the effect of changes in prices and incomes on demand for five animal food groups, namely fish, chicken, beef, eggs, and milk. The demand function approach uses the Almost Ideal Demand System model with the parameter estimates using Seemingly Unrelated Regression. The research data using 124,513 households from Indonesian National Socio-economics Survey in 2016. The results showed that beef was the most elastic animal food among all animal foods with a demand elasticity of 1,031%, followed by chicken meat (0.564%), milk (0.451%), eggs (0.313%), and sea fish (0.151%). Beef is a luxury item. Beef is substituted with sea fish, eggs, or chicken meat. Beef is complementary to milk. The increase in beef prices is one of the policies that need to be considered so that the target of protein consumption is immediately reached.

ABSTRAK

In order to fulfill food, a study of food patterns is needed. Food consumption patterns of a household will change over time, and differ from region to region. Changes in consumption patterns over time are influenced by income changes, changes in people's awareness of food and nutrition, and lifestyle changes. The purpose of this research is to analyze: household food consumption pattern; the pattern of changes in food prices; and share of consumer expenditure on each food (rice, corn, shallot, chili, beef, and sugar). This study uses SUSENAS secondary data from 2011-2016. Data analysis with a descriptive quantitative method resulted in the conclusion: between 2011-2016 the average consumption of rice in urban areas is smaller than in rural areas. Conversely, consumption of beef in urban areas is greater than in rural areas, chili and shallot commodity prices are the most volatile commodity prices, the largest proportion of household food expenditure in Indonesia is for rice commodities, both in urban and rural areas. The results of this analysis have implications for the households to maintain the consumption pattern, especially to diversify the consumption of rice with other staple food.

<em>Basically, financial service institution in a form of micro financial institution (MFI) is strongly needed to support the rural economic development especially as an institution to facilitate the farming business cost. This is caused by the fact that most of farmers face the technology adoption since it is weak in capital budget. This condition happens on the cabbage farmers who is facing the eruption of Bromo Mountain in Sukapura District, Probolinggo Regency. The aims of this research are to investigate the conception of potatoes farm (cost, supply, benefits and R/C) factors that influence the vegetables farm productivity in Sukapura, dan the role of microfinance on farm. The research was conducted in Ngadisari and Ngadirejo with purposive sampling method. Data which is obtained from the research is analyzed using R/C and Cobb-Douglass function. The results show that potatoes farm is beneficial with R/C value &gt;1, the vegetables production are influenced by seeds, land area, biofertilizer, labor, perticides and microfinance have significant role on helping the farm.</em>

Demonstration on restrictions and accuracy of an estimator is pivotal since the incomplete restrictions will make the estimator inaccurate that they cannot be used for the need of decision making. In this study, the demand system’s three primary requirements-adding up, homogeneity, and symmetry ‒ are examined. This current research was intended to demonstrate restrictions and accuracy of Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model estimator. The source of the data was referred to the results of National Socio-Economic Survey of Indonesia in 2016, involving 291,414 households in total. Iterated Nonlinear Seemingly Unrelated Regression method was used for the estimation procedure. Parameter estimation is used to calculate the elasticity of animal protein. The results have indicated that the three restrictions of the QUAIDS model estimator, i. e. adding up, homogeneity, and symmetry, have been completed. Further, the estimation made by the QUAIDS model is valid and efficient; therefore, the estimation is potentially used as a means of calculating own and cross price elasticity, either Marshallian or Hicksian. In addition, some other parameters, such as price, income, and income squared, are also employed to calculate income elasticity. The findings show that demand is elastic for all animal proteins, except for eggs, which are inelastic. Beef is most elastic. According to the income elasticity results, all animal proteins are considered luxury foods in Indonesia, except for eggs, which have an income elasticity of less than one. To fulfill Indonesian households’ needs for animal protein, the income policy is more suited for beef, while the price strategy is more effective for animal proteins including chicken, milk, fresh fish, and eggs