With the introduction of new technologies that lead to the development of new systems of poultry breeding, have been promoted to the animals better thermal comfort conditions. This lessens the great challenge for industrial poultry, with regard to aviary constructions, resulting in increased productivity. It is known that an animal in heat stress condition presents lower productive performance. A lower feed conversion caused by decreased feed intake is the main cause. Multidisciplinary studies have been developed seeking the deepening the needs and possibilities already available about these new systems. With this, this review seeks to approach in a didactic and simplified way the planning and construction of aviary sheds aiming to provide an suitable thermal conditioning for broiler accommodation.

No abstract

No abstract

Context Tannins are polyphenolic compounds found in legumes, trees and forage shrubs, such as Mimosa tenuiflora, and form hydrogen bonds with proteins. Aims The objective of the present study was to determine the optimal dietary concentration of natural tannins from M. tenuiflora for enhancing intake, digestibility, nitrogen (N) and tannin physiological balance, performance, carcass traits and commercial cuts of lambs. Methods Forty-eight uncastrated Santa Ines lambs were distributed between two experiments, each with four diets containing natural tannins (1.21 (control), 9.29, 17.4 and 25.4 g/kg dry matter (DM) total) from M. tenuiflora hay. Key results With increasing level of inclusion of natural tannins from M. tenuiflora hay in the diet, there were quadratic increases (P ≤ 0.05; up to 17.4 g/kg DM inclusion) in the daily nutrient intake, N faecal excretion, N urinary excretion, performance, carcass traits and rib and loin commercial cut weights of lambs. However, intake, faecal excretion, physiological balance of tannins and carcass leg circumference increased (P ≤ 0.05) linearly with an increasing inclusion of tannins from M. tenuiflora hay. Furthermore, there were linear decreases (P ≤ 0.05) in the digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein, acid detergent fibre, non-fibrous carbohydrate and total digestible nutrients and decreases in faecal excretion of total phenolic compounds and feeding efficiency in lambs with increasing dietary concentration of tannins. Conclusions It is recommended that M. tenuiflora hay replace Brachiaria decumbens hay at 250 g/kg of dietary roughage, corresponding to 17.4 g/kg DM of tannins, in the diet of Santa Ines finishing lambs because the resulting increased bioavailability of tannins improves nutrient intake, N retention, average daily gain, carcass weight and the weights of the most profitable cuts (leg, loin and rib). Implications The use of M. tenuiflora legume (which is common in the Caatinga biome) as hay roughage in the lamb diet increases tannin bioavailability and the efficiency of protein use, consequently improving performance and contributing to the economic viability of sheep production in the region.

Utilizando o teste de Mann-Kendall, objetivou-se nesse trabalho, analisar as tendências nas séries de cotas dos rios principais dasbacias hidrográficas do Estado do Ceará. As bacias hidrográficas do Ceará estudadas aqui foram: Bacia do Médio, Alto, Baixo Jaguaribe, Bacia do Salgado, Bacia Acaraú, Bacia Curú, Bacia de Ibiapaba, Bacia do Banabuiú, Bacia Coreaú, Bacia do Litoral. Foram utilizados os dados de cotas dos rios principais dessas bacias hidrográficas, cujos nomes das bacias hidrográficas são os mesmos desses rios cearenses. Os dados foram obtidos por meio da Agência Nacional das Águas para o período de 1973 a 2013. Para identificar as possíveis causas climáticas, utilizou-se a Análise de Ondeleta, a qual identifica as escalas temporais dominantes dos fenômenos e sistemas meteorológicos. Duas dessas Bacias hidrográficas mostraram tendência de diminuição na cota de seus rios principais, enquanto outras duas apresentaram tendência de aumento.Verificou-se que a escala decadal domina sobre as variações de cotas, sugerindo que a Oscilação Decadal do Pacífico tem influência direta sobre o nível dos rios e, associada ao sinal persistente de El Niño Oscilação Sul (7 anos), promoveram aumento e diminuição das cotas, dependendo de suas fases. Desse modo, com acompanhamento hidroclimático, os gestores de recursos hídricos e setores da economia e sociedade podem tirar proveito dessas importantes informações com previsão antecipada.   A B S T R A C T Using the Mann-Kendall test, this study aimed to analyze the trends in the shares of the major rivers of the watershed of the State of Ceará series. Basinhydrographics of Ceará studied here were: Médio, Alto, BaixoJaguaribe Basin, Salgado Basin, Acaraú Basin, BaciaCurú, Ibiapaba Basin, Banabuiú Basin, Coreaú Basin, Litoral Basin. Itsused data levelsof the main rivers of these Basin hydrographics, river basins whose names are the same cearenses these rivers. Data were obtained through the National Water Agency for the period 1973 to 2013 to identify possible causes climate, we used the wavelet analysis, which identifies the dominant temporal scales phenomena and weather systems. Two of these river basins showed declining trend in share of its major rivers, while two others showed a tendency to increase. Checkthat the decadal-scale variations dominates over quota, suggesting that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation has a direct influence on the level rivers and associated with a persistent signal of El Niño Southern Oscillation (7 years), caused an increase and decrease in quotas, depending on their stages. Thus, with climatemonitoring water resource managers and sectors of the economy and society can benefit from this important information with advance forecast.   Keywords: Mann-Kendall test, Water Resources Management, José and Noé effect, Wavelet analisys.