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Desafios no processo de inclusão de alunos com deficiência ainda são vivenciados atualmente. Nesse sentido, a identificação de problemas e potenciais intervenções para a melhoria do ensino e acesso à educação são fundamentais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo explanar sobre os desafios da educação inclusiva em instituições de ensino do Brasil e investigar quais atitudes didático pedagógicas estão sendo implantadas no país. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa de literatura com análise descritiva e abordagem qualitativa de artigos publicados no período entre os anos 2000 e 2020. Foram incluídos artigos indexados nas bases de dados Scientific Eletronic Library On-Line–SCIELO, Portal de periódicos da CAPES e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde–LILACS. No geral, 18 artigos obedeceram a todos os critérios de inclusão e serviram de base para a extração das informações para análise. Como resultado constatou-se que professores e instituições de ensino apresentam falta de capacitação para lidar com alunos com deficiência. Dentre os problemas e dificuldades mais relatados destacou-se o despreparo dos professores, falta de metodologias pedagógicas específicas e carência em estrutura física adequadas nas escolas. Como estratégias para a melhoria do processo de inclusão, destacou-se o uso de jogos. Espera-se que este estudo sirva como mecanismo de reflexão e sensibilização para todos os agentes envolvidos na inclusão de alunos com deficiência e que contribua na adequação e aprimoramento de políticas públicas em prol da qualificação de professores, bem como na adequação das instituições de ensino no Brasil.

Endemic in Brazil, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic infection that is among the most important parasitic diseases transmitted by vectors. Dogs are the main reservoirs of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) and their identification is used in some countries as part of disease prevention and control measures in the canine and human population. In this context, serological tests are necessary, composed of antigens capable of correctly identifying infected dogs, minimizing the number of false-negative cases. This study aimed to identify more immunoreactive peptides derived from two previously described whole proteins (rDyn-1 and rKDDR-plus) and compare their performance to the control antigens rK39 and the crude extract for the detection of dogs infected with L. infantum, especially the asymptomatic ones. The three selected peptides and a mixture of them, along with the rDyn-1, rKDDR-plus, rK39, and crude extract antigens were evaluated using indirect ELISA with sera samples from 186 dogs with CanL, being asymptomatic (n = 50), symptomatic (n = 50), co-infected (n = 19), infected with Babesia sp. (n = 7), Ehrlichia sp. (n = 6), T. cruzi (n = 20) and uninfected (n = 34). The results showed that the rDyn-1 protein and the peptide mixture had the highest sensitivity (100% and 98.32%, respectively) and specificity (97.01 and 98.51, respectively). A high degree of kappa agreement was found for rDyn-1 protein (0.977), mixed peptides (0.965), rKDDR-plus protein (0.953), K-plus peptide 1 (0.930) and Dyn-1 peptide (0.893). The mixture of peptides showed the highest likelihood (65.87). The ELISA using the mixture of peptides and the rDyn-1 protein showed high performance for CanL serodiagnosis. More mix combinations of the peptides and additional extended field tests with a larger sample size are recommended.

Exercise‐induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is characterized as the pain reduction after an exercise session and it seems to be related to the release of plasma β‐endorphin. In this sense, the core stabilization training (CT) has been suggested for patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP), but it is unclear whether it induces EIH. Patients with CNSLBP have neuromotor dysfunctions that can affect the performance of functional tasks, thus, performing functional training (FT) could improve motor control and promote EIH, since functional training uses multi‐joint exercises that aim to improve the functionality of actions performed in daily life. EIH is usually assessed using quantitative sensory tests (QST) such as conditioned pain modulation, pressure pain threshold, and temporal summation. Thus, the sum of parameters from quantitative sensory tests and plasma β‐endorphin would make it possible to understand what the neuroendocrine effects of FT and CT session are. Our study compared the acute effect of CT and FT on the EIH and plasma β‐endorphin release, and correlated plasma β‐endorphin with quantitative sensory testing in patients with CNSLBP. Eighteen women performed two training sessions (CT and FT) with an interval of 48 h between sessions. EIH was assessed by QST and plasma β‐endorphin levels. Results showed that only FT significantly increased plasma β‐endorphin (FT p < 0.01; CT p = 0.45), which correlated with pain pressure threshold (PPT) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). However, QST values were not different in women with CNSLBP after CT or FT protocols. Plasma β‐endorphin correlated with PPT and CPM, however, the same did not occur with a temporal summation.