Implicações da análise univariada e multivariada na dissimilaridade de acessos de feijão comumImplications of univariate and multivariate analyses on the dissimilarity of common bean accessions

ResumoA baixa produtividade do crambe pode estar associada a vários fatores e, dentre estes, a competição com as plantas daninhas, que reduz a produtividade da cultura, afeta a colheita e contribui para o aumento da umidade das sementes. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a tolerância de plantas de crambe (cultivar FMS Brilhante) a diversos herbicidas graminicidas e latifolicidas aplicados em pré-plantio incorporado (PPI), em pré-emergência (PRÉ) e pós-emergência (PÓS). O estudo foi instalado em condições de casa-de-vegetação e os tratamentos testados constaram da aplicação: em PPI os herbicidas diclosulam, flumetsulam, metribuzim e trifluralin; em PRÉ os herbicidas atrazine, diclosulam, diuron, flumetsulam, metribuzim, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone e trifluralin; e em PÓS os herbicidas bentazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, clefoxydim, cletodim+fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, fomesafen, fluazifop-p-butyl, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, imazamox, imazapic, lactofen, nicosulfuron, oxadiazon, quinclorac e setoxydim. Foram realizadas avaliações visuais de fitointoxicação nas plantas de crambe após as aplicações, as plântulas emergidas foram contabilizadas e ao final do período de avaliação a altura e a massa seca das plantas também foram determinadas. Nas condições em que os estudos foram conduzidos, pode-se concluir que apenas o herbicida trifluralin, aplicado em pré-emergência, e os herbicidas clefoxidim+fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, fluazifop-p-butyl, quinclorac, setoxydim e clefoxydim, aplicados em pós-emergência, apresentaram seletividade e potencial de uso para a cultivar de crambe FMS Brilhante. Palavras-chave: Crambe abyssinica, modo de aplicação, fitotoxicidade, fitointoxicação AbstractThe low productivity of crambe can be associated with many factors, among these, the competition with weeds, which reduces the yield, harvest affects and contributes to the increase in seed moisture. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the tolerance of crambe plants cv. FMS Brilhante to herbicides applied in preplant incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), and postemergence (POST). The study was installed in a green-house and the treatments consisted of the herbicide application in: pre-plant incorporated ofdiclosulam, flumetsulam, metribuzin, and trifluralin;preemergence applicationof atrazine, diclosulam, diuron, flumetsulam, metribuzim, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, and trifluralin; and postemergence application ofbentazon, carfentrazone-ethyl, clefoxydim, cletodim + fenoxapropp-ethyl, ethoxysulfuron, fomesafen, fluazifop-p-butyl, flumioxazin, halosulfuron, imazamox, imazapic, lactofen, nicosulfuron, oxadiazon, quinclorac, and setoxydim. Visual evaluations of phytotoxicity on crambe plants were realized after applications, the seedlings were counted and the height and plant dry matter were determined in the end of the evaluation period. In conditions where the studies were conducted, we can conclude that only the trifluralin application in PRE and the application of

When different gene groups are combined by hybridization, the expression of predominant genes for a trait must be known. This understanding is fundamental to the decisions made by breeders in the stages of cultivation and selection of segregating populations during the breeding program. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of combining ability and gene action for the root distribution traits of the Andean and Mesoamerican common bean gene groups. Six common bean parents from the Andean and Mesoamerican groups were hybridized in a complete diallel mating scheme, resulting in 30 F1 hybrids. The parents and hybrids were planted in the field in a simple lattice design. The target trait was root distribution, calculated as the relative number of roots in the topsoil. The effect of the general combining ability was significantly higher than that of the specific combining ability (58%) and the reciprocal effect (41%). Particularly, the combination estimates were modified according to the order of the gene groups used. The combinations IPR Uirapuru x BAF53 (Mesoamerican x Andean), BAF53 x CBS14 (Andean x Andean), and CBS14 x IPR Uirapuru (Andean x Mesoamerican) mainly exhibited an increase in the mean root distribution. However, the highest fraction of genetic variance correlated with additive components (60%), even in crosses involving different gene groups. Consequently, the additive gene action was predominant in the expression of root distribution trait in common bean, irrespective of the gene group used.

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Heterosis has been one of the most studied phenomena since genetic studies were conceived. Knowledge of this phenomenon for the root distribution trait in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can favour the development of genotypes that are more tolerant to abiotic stresses. This study aimed to verify the occurrence of heterosis for the root distribution trait in hybrid F1 populations of common bean derived from crosses within and between gene groups. Thirty-six populations (six parents and 30 hybrids) were evaluated under field conditions in the agricultural years 2016/17 and 2017/18. The root distribution was assessed with the adapted Bohm method. The genotypes responded similarly to environmental changes (absence of an interaction). However, the root distribution differed significantly between the agricultural years. Comparisons between the mean of hybrids from crosses within each gene pool and the mean of parents did not reveal heterosis. The comparisons between gene groups showed significant differences only between BRS Embaixador x IPR Uirapuru, CBS 14 x IPR Uirapuru, and BAF 53 x IPR Uirapuru and the mean of parents. The absence of heterosis in the root trait can be explained by the degree of kinship between the gene groups, as well as some epistatic interactions.