El presente artículo describe el proceso de diseño, construcción y validación inicial de una Escala de Clima Social Escolar (ECLIS) que representa una herramienta para visualizar las variables que, a juicio de las autoras, a partir de la revisión de la literatura y de sus investigaciones en la realidad escolar chilena, dan cuenta de las características que en un corte transversal puede tener un determinado contexto escolar. Se describe el marco conceptual que sustenta esta Escala y las características psicométricas básicas de la versión definitiva. Se incluyen los criterios para el análisis y su interpretación.

ⅢThe conceptual and programmatic elements of a community-based approach to the prevention and treatment of victims of domestic violence in Chile are presented. The program reflects the tenets of a psychosocial wellness model focusing on individual and community competencies and resources to solve human problems. The intervention incorporates elements of crisis intervention with strategies to identify and empower natural social support networks. As necessary, victims are referred to specialized physical and mental health services. During its initial stages, the program was provided to physicians and allied medical staff of a local hospital. Participants included nurse-aides, nurses, doctors, social workers, social work-aides, and other personnel from medical units providing emergency, pediatric, and obstetric care. Team cohesion was emphasized and information regarding domestic violence, crisis intervention, and referral strategies was provided. During the program's second stage, prevention and education strategies were targeted to community organizations and educational institutions.During the 1990s, increasing numbers of women attained senior positions in commercial, professional, and political fields. Despite this progress, however, a form of "emotional slavery" continued to exist in the developed and, to an even greater extent, in developing and Third World nations. The emotional enslavement results from the Correspondence to: persistence of domestic violence as a social problem. Attempting to increase public appreciation of the nature of this phenomenon, Barudy~1999! described episodes of domestic violence as examples of abusive interpersonal systems involving at least three elements:~a! an abuser who dominates one or more individuals through aggression and intimidation;~b! the direct victim~s! of that domination; and~c! the indirect victims, i.e., witnesses or confidantes to the abuse. Each element binds itself to the system by entering implicitly into a pact of silence to keep the abuse hidden from public awareness. Barudy suggests that each element rationalizes that pact of silence by experiencing the system as an immutable fact of life, i.e., simply stated, as "the way things are." To the extent that position is accepted, each element feels incapable of violating the pact by disclosing the abuse and thus breaking the system's bonds.Abusive situations that have received the most public attention are those that occur within a family. In such cases, the victims are typically the family's weakest members, i.e., its children and0or the wife or domestic partner. Domestic violence leaves these victims physically battered and psychologically abused. Such violence typically occurs over an extended period of time by an aggressor, i.e., a husband, partner, and0or father, whom society expects will protect and love these "weakest members." Domestic violence may be more harmful than other kinds of violence because it generates in its victims a basic mistrust of and lack of confidence in others that, in turn, undermines...

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Este artículo presenta la construcción y validación preliminar de una escala diseñada para niños y niñas, cuyo objetivo es medir creencias que legitiman la violencia en las relaciones interpersonales. El proceso incluyó su aplicación a 608 niños de 12 colegios de Coquimbo y a 20 niños víctimas de violencia. El instrumento muestra adecuados niveles de confiabilidad y evidencia un constructo multidimensional, compuesto por distintas formas de legitimación de la violencia. Los resultados permiten vincular estas creencias a contextos relacionales violentos y sugieren su asociación con las variables: cultura escolar y socialización de género. El instrumento se plantea como una herramienta para el estudio de los mecanismos que obstaculizan la erradicación de la violencia en nuestras comunidades. Palabras Clave: creencias, legitimación, violencia.This article presents the development of a scale, designed for children, which measures beliefs that legitimate interpersonal violence. The scale shows adequate reliability and shows evidence of a multidimensional construct, constituted by different ways to legitimize violence. Results suggest an association of this beliefs system with violent relational contexts, school culture and gender socialization. The scale is proposed as a tool for investigation of underlying mechanisms that perpetuate violence in our communities.

En el presente artículo se describe el proyecto de investigación e innovación tecnológica "Diseño, implementación y evaluación de un Programa de Educación para la no-violencia". Este proyecto financiado por Fondef (Fondo de fomento al desarrollo científico y tecnológico) se inserta en los Contenidos Transversales de la Educación, propuestos en la Reforma Educacional. El objetivo general es tener un impacto, en el mediano plazo, en: maltrato infantil y abuso intrafamiliar, maltrato y abuso en el contexto escolar y en los crecientes niveles de violencia en el contexto escolar. Se entrega una revisión del estado del arte en el tema de violencia y se describen los objetivos específicos y los productos esperados de este proyecto