Patents play a significant role in innovation. In this essay they are used as tools for studying and analysing knowledge management. Most of the research done on patents is related to measuring and quantifying patents in the market. The aim of this paper is to present patents as instrumental intermediary agents between technoscientific production and its social uses. Scientists, scientific institutions, centres of technology transfer and industrial firms are all actors at play in this process.In this occasion, CSIC (Spanish National Research Council) patens are analysed so as to check this kind of interaction between science and technology policies, and society This analysis, together with specific case studies, will allow an evaluation of how CSIC patents contribute to technology develoment and transfer, how they reflect previous science policies, and how the new knowledge arising from patents generates new management models.KEY WORDS Science and technology policies, science and society, knowledge and society, patents.RESUMEN Las patentes juegan un importante papel en el proceso innovador de cualquier país. El presente estudio quiere presentar las patentes como agentes fundamentales de intermediación entre la producción tecnocientífica y el uso que de ella hace la sociedad. El hecho de que las patentes incorporen a todos los actores que forman parte de este proceso (los investigadores, las instituciones científicas, los organismos de gestión del conocimiento, las empresas, etc.) las hace fundamentales a la hora de abordar este estudio. Partiendo de los datos en materia de patentes que genera el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, se estudiará el uso inmediato que se hace de la tecnología patentada como ayuda necesaria para el desarrollo de l+D. Se estudiará la incidencia, que a más largo plazo, pueden tener las patentes en la industria y en las administraciones públicas a la hora de planificar actividades o diseñar de estrategias a seguir. Los estudios realizados hacen pensar en una posible relación directa entre política científica y patentes. Todo esto unido al estudio de casos concretos permitirá valorar en qué medida las patentes del CSIC han contribuido al desarrollo del estado de la técnica de un sector determinado, cómo ha sido la evolución tecnológica que se ha producido, cómo se ha generado la transferencia de tecnología, en qué medida las patentes del CSIC permiten hablar de un reflejo de políticas científicas anteriores, hasta que punto el nuevo conocimiento generado por las patentes repercute también una nueva forma de gestionarlo. PALABRAS CLAVE Políticas de ciencia y tecnología, ciencia y sociedad, conocimiento y sociedad, patentes. IntroducciónLos cambios que se han producido en las nuevas formas de obtención del conocimiento han repercutido en la aparición de nuevos actores, nuevas demandas de aplicación de este conocimiento, nuevos procedimientos. Estos cambios también han permeado modificando las estructuras y organizaciones encargadas de gestionar este conocimiento in...
1.Introduction. 2.Patents' archives as sources for historical reconstruction. 3.The Spanish dictatorship and the autarchy. 4.Patents as regulators. 5.Foreign competition. 6.Regulation and the circulation of knowledge. 7.Conclusions: liability and predictability. ABSTRACT: This paper tells the early history of penicillin patenting in Spain. Patents turn out to be useful instruments for analysing the management of knowledge and its circulation in different professional and geographical domains. They protected knowledge while contributing to standardisation. Patents also ensured quality and guaranteed reliability in manufacturing, delivering and prescribing new drugs. They gained special prominence by allowing the creation of a network in which political, economic and business, industrial power, public health and international cooperation fields came together. The main source of information used for this purpose has been the earliest patent applications for penicillin in Spain between 1948 and 1950, which are kept in the Historical Archives of the Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas. The study of these patents for penicillin shows their role as agents in introducing this drug in Spain.
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In this paper I propose a reflection on instruments and political power. The objective is to analyze how the knowledge, experiences, and practices that circulated and traveled via radioactivity counters between Italy and Spain constructed and influenced both nuclear energy and political power during the Franco regime. I show people, materials, instruments, and knowledge that traveled, which permits us to think about the Spanish scientists and their role in the circulation of scientific materials and knowledge and as vectors of diplomatic and political relations.
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