This study analyzes the short-term consequences of visitors' use of different types of exhibits (i.e., "exemplars of phenomena" and "analogy based") together with the factors affecting visitors' understanding of and their evaluation of the use of such exhibits. One hundred and twenty five visitors (either alone or in groups) were observed during their interaction and interviewed immediately afterwards. Findings suggest that the type of exhibit constrains the nature of the understanding achieved. The use of analogical reasoning may lead to an intended causal explanation of an exhibit that is an exemplar of a phenomenon, but visitors often express misconceptions as a consequence of using this type of exhibit. Analogy-based exhibits are often not used as intended by the designer. This may be because visitors do not access the source domain intended; are unaware of the use of analogy per se (in particular, when the exhibit is of the subtype "only showing similarities between relationships"); only acquire fragmentary knowledge about the target; or fail to use analogical reasoning of which they were capable. Furthermore, exhibits related to everyday world situations are recognized to have an immediate educative value for visitors. Suggestions for enhancing the educative value of exhibits are proposed.
Questões são enunciados que requerem uma resposta refletida e que desempenham diversas funções educativas, incluindo o despoletar novas aprendizagens. Neste caso, o seu uso enquadra-se na Aprendizagem Baseada na Resolução de Problemas (ABRP, do inglês, Problem-Based Learning, PBL), que coloca o aluno no centro dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem, atribuindo-lhe um papel ativo na aprendizagem de novo conhecimento. Atendendo à influência que os manuais exercem nas práticas de ensino, a questão que se coloca é a de saber em que medida as questões incluídas nos manuais escolares de Ciências podem fomentar um ensino orientado para a ABRP. Neste texto, descrever-se-á o processo de construção e validação de uma grelha de análise de questões incluídas em manuais escolares de Ciências com essa finalidade, apresentando-se não só essa grelha, mas também, a título ilustrativo, uma aplicação da mesma a um tópico de Ciências, 8º ano, abordado nas duas disciplinas desta área.
Artículo enviado el 16 de agosto de 2018. Aceptado, tras revisión el 20 de agosto de 2018. Publicado el 1 de septiembre de 2018. ResumenLa investigación se enmarca en una relación Universidad-Sociedad civil, que se articula en la Cátedra Bancos de Alimentos UPM-FESBAL, como un medio para establecer una colaboración estratégica a largo plazo, con el fin de "Trabajar con la gente", para conseguir un consumo racional y solidario. Comprender mejor el proceso de generación de desperdicios en los comedores escolares representa una oportunidad clara para la aplicación de medidas frente al desperdicio alimentario, debido a que la infancia es el mejor momento para crear conciencia sobre la importancia de abordar este problema. El desperdicio en plato en comedores escolares es causado por la poca receptividad de los alumnos frente al menú, lo que se ve afectado por factores propios de cada comensal y por factores contextuales. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo aproximar la cantidad de desperdicio en plato en comedores escolares en España e identificar posibles factores condicionantes a nivel contextual, a partir del análisis de 118 comedores escolares en 14 comunidades autónomas. Los resultados muestran que, a nivel territorial, existen diferencias significativas entre los desperdicios en costa e interior. A nivel de centro educativo, sucede lo mismo entre los desperdicios medidos antes y después de actividades de sensibilización. Finalmente, los resultados muestran que el desperdicio por tipo de menú difiere según la región en la que se ubica el centro educativo, lo que da indicios de la relación entre la región y el grado de aceptación o preferencias por menús. AbstractThe research is part of a University-Civil Society relationship, which is framed on UPM-FESBAL Food Banks Chair, as a means to establish a long-term strategic collaboration, in order to "Work with people", to achieve a rational and supportive consumption. A better understanding of food waste generation in school canteens represents a clear opportunity for the application of measures against it, because childhood is considered the best time to raise awareness about this problem and their impacts. Plate waste in school canteens depends of the student's receptivity for each menu, which is affected by individual and contextual factors. The aim of this research is to approximate the amount of plate waste in school canteens in Spain and identified possible drivers at contextual level, based on the analysis of 118 school canteens in 14 autonomous communities. The results show that, at a territorial level, there are significant differences between plate waste on the coast and interior. At school level, the same thing happens between the waste measured before and after the awareness campaign. Finally, the results show that the plate waste per type of menu differs according to the region where the school is located, which suggest that the acceptance or student's preferences for menus are related with the region where the school is located.
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