Carmen reis. Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the tupí linguistic family: a lexicostatistical and phylogenetic approach. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas, v. 10, n. 2, p. 229-274, maioago. 2015 Abstract: in this paper we present the first results of the application of computational methods, inspired by the ideas in McMahon & McMahon (2005), to a dataset collected from languages of every branch of the tupian family (including all living non-tupí-Guaraní languages) in order to produce a classification of the family based on lexical distance. We used both a swadesh list (with historically stabler terms) and a list of animal and plant names for results comparison. in addition, we also selected more (HiHi) and less (LoLo) stable terms from the swadesh list to form sublists for indepedent treatment. We compared the resulting neighbornet networks and neighbor-joining cladograms and drew conclusions about their significance for the current understanding of the classification of tupian languages. one important result is the lack of support for the currently discussed idea of an Eastern-Western division within tupí.Keywords: tupian family. distance-based methods. Historical linguistics. internal classification. Lexical sublists.Resumo: neste trabalho, apresentamos os primeiros resultados da aplicação de métodos comparativos computacionais, inspirados nas ideias de McMahon & McMahon (2005), a um conjunto de dados de línguas de todos os ramos da família tupí (incluindo-se todas as línguas não-tupí-Guaraní ainda vivas), com o intuito de produzir uma classificação da família com base em distância lexical. Usamos uma lista de swadesh (composta por termos historicamente mais estáveis) e uma lista de nomes de plantas e animais para comparação de resultados. Além disso, também selecionamos os termos mais (HiHi) e menos (LoLo) estáveis da lista de swadesh para formar sublistas para tratamento independente. Comparamos as redes neighbornet e os cladogramas neighbor-joining resultantes, derivando conclusões sobre o seu impacto na compreensão atual da classificação das línguas tupí. Um importante resultado é a falta de apoio para a ideia, atualmente em discussão, da existência de uma divisão leste-oeste dentro da família.Palavras-chave: família tupí. Métodos de distância. Linguística histórica. Classificação interna. sublistas lexicais.
No abstract
Este trabalho discute as estratégias de relativização na língua Sakurabiat, também conhecida como Mekens. Construções relativas nessa língua utilizam uma forma não-finita do verbo, que não recebe marcação de tempo-aspecto. Essas construções são paralelas às construções de foco do objeto, as quais podem ser interpretadas como nominalizações. Orações relativas podem ter núcleo interno ou externo e têm a mesma distribuição de sintagmas nominais na língua.
This article proposes that the divergent pattern of verb argument marking found in object focus clauses in the Tuparian branch of the Tupian family comes from the reanalysis of an object nominalization in a cleft construction. Based on the distribution of free and bound person markers, the major alignment pattern can be characterized as nominative-absolutive in simple clauses, with free pronouns expressing the nominative, whereas bound person markers express the absolutive. However, object focus clauses show a distinct alignment pattern: the ergative, and not the absolutive, is indexed by the bound markers on the verb. We present arguments for identifying the object nominalization as the source of this grammar in the object focus clause, showing also how this reanalysis resulted in the nominalizer morpheme and the person markers gaining new functions.
After summarizing the earlier chapters, we sketch a general overview of the different phases in the development of South America. We then explore the possibility of a continental bias for typological features characteristic of South America, which may point to the early entry of a limited set of features into the continent. Subsequently we analyze possible deep families or macro-groups in the continent, and their regional distribution. We then turn to the issue of whether different subsets of structural features yield different distance matrices for the language families studied. To further explore contact possibilities, the results for language contact in our book are charted. Finally, we conclude and take stock of what has been achieved and how further research should proceed.
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