The aim of this study was to compare virtual reality simulation with other methods of teaching interventional radiology. We searched multiple databases-Cochrane Library; Medline (PubMed); Embase; Trip Medical; Education Resources Information Center; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; Scientific Electronic Library Online; and Latin-American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature-for studies comparing virtual reality simulation and other methods of teaching interventional radiology. This systematic review was performed in accordance with the criteria established by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) Collaboration. Eligible studies were evaluated by using the quality indicators provided in the BEME Guide No. 11 and the Kirkpatrick model of training evaluation. After the eligibility and quality criteria had been applied, five randomized clinical trials were included in the review. The Kirkpatrick level of impact varied among the studies evaluated, three studies being classified as level 2B and two being classified as level 4B. Among the studies evaluated, there was a consensus that virtual reality aggregates concepts and is beneficial for the teaching of interventional radiology. Although the use of virtual reality has been shown to be effective for skill acquisition and learning in interventional radiology, there is still a lack of studies evaluating and standardizing the employment of this technology in relation to the numerous procedures that exist within the field of expertise.

Neuroblastoma is the most frequent solid extracranial neoplasia in children and is responsible for about 15% of all pediatric cancer deaths. It is an embryonal malignancy of the postganglionic sympathetic nervous system, which generally arises in the adrenal gland. 96% of cases occurs below 10 years age group and is slightly more common in Caucasian boys. The primary renal neuroblastoma is rare, corresponding to 30-35% of all neuroblastomas. The diagnosis of neuroblastoma by imaging (ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI) features high accuracy and turns the medicine´s comprehension completely possible, and effective. Neuroblastoma signs and symptoms vary widely, depending on the size of the tumor, where it is, how far it has spread, and if the tumor cells secrete hormones. Here we report a case of a two-years-old male patient, who was hospitalized at first with a right hip pain and proceed the treatment of arthritis. After that, some suggestive symptoms started to be presented in addition to the radiology methods, turning the diagnosis possible and making the correct procedures.

BACKGROUND: Augmented reality (AR) involves digitally overlapping virtual objects onto physical objects in real space so that individuals can interact with both at the same time. AR in medical education seeks to reduce surgical complications through high-quality education. There is uncertainty in the use of AR as a learning tool for interventional radiology procedures. OBJECTIVE: To compare AR with other learning methods in interventional radiology. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review of comparative studies on teaching techniques. METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, Tripdatabase, ERIC, CINAHL, SciELO and LILACS electronic databases for studies comparing AR simulation with other teaching methods in interventional radiology. This systematic review was performed in accordance with PRISMA and the BEME Collaboration. Eligible studies were evaluated using the quality indicators provided in the BEME Collaboration Guide no. 11, and the Kirkpatrick model. RESULTS: Four randomized clinical trials were included in this review. The level of educational evidence found among all the papers was 2B, according to the Kirkpatrick model. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was applied to assess the risk of bias for individual studies and across studies. Three studies showed an improvement in teaching of the proposed procedure through AR; one study showed that the participants took longer to perform the procedure through AR. CONCLUSION: AR, as a complementary teaching tool, can provide learners with additional skills, but there is still a lack of studies with a higher evidence level according to the Kirkpatrick model.

The iliolumbar ligament is described as a biomechanically important ligament for the lumbopelvic region; it extends from the transverse processes of the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae to the iliac crest. Alterations of the iliolumbar ligament are attributed to trauma and assumed to be an important source of low back pain syndrome having a great economic impact. Changes in iliolumbar ligament morphology relating to the low back pain syndrome have not been deeply studied. The iliolumbar ligament (IL) is a culpable ligament of reducing sacroiliac joint movement, due to its cranial margin. The IL engages in body weight transmission to the lower extremity, stabilizing the vertebral spine and the pelvis, as the major ligament responsible for that. Besides that, the spinal flexion is a consequence movement, unleashed by the anterior band of the IL.