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Different front-of-pack (FOP) labelling systems have been developed in Europe by industry and organisations concerned with health promotion. A study (n 2068) was performed to establish the extent to which inclusion of the most prevalent FOP systems -guideline daily amounts (GDA), traffic lights (TL), GDAþTL hybrid (HYB) and health logos (HL) -impact consumer perceptions of healthiness over and above the provision of a FOP basic label (BL) containing numerical nutritional information alone. The design included within-and between-subjects factors. The within-subjects factors were: food (pizzas, yogurts and biscuits), healthiness of the food (high health, medium health and low health) and the repeated measurements under BL and test FOP label conditions. The between-subjects factors were: the system (GDA, TL, GDAþTL hybrid, HL), portion size (typical portion size and a 50 % reduction of a typical portion) and country (the UK, Germany, Poland and Turkey). Although the FOP systems tested did result in small improvements for objective understanding under some conditions, there was little difference between the provision of an FOP label containing basic numerical nutritional information alone or between the various systems. Thus, any structured and legible presentation of key nutrient and energy information on the FOP label is sufficient to enable consumers to detect a healthier alternative within a food category when provided with foods that have distinctly different levels of healthiness. Future research should focus on developing greater understanding of the psychological and contextual factors that impact motivation and the opportunity to use the various FOP systems in real-world shopping settings. Key words: Front-of-pack: Nutrition labelling: Healthier choices: Health inferences: HealthinessTransparency has become an important regulatory tool (1) , and the provision of nutrition information on packaging is seen by policymakers as a means of increasing transparency between producers and consumers that therefore has the potential to support informed choice. In order to address the current and growing burden of diet-related disease, the World Health Organization's Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health has highlighted nutrition as a key risk factor (2) . The concept of informed choice within the food domain has subsequently become synonymous with encouraging consumers towards Abbreviations: BL, basic label; DV1, dependent variable 1 (healthiness ratings); DV2, dependent variable 2 (error scores); FOP, front-of-pack; GDA, guideline daily amounts; HL, health logo; HYB, guideline daily amounts and traffic lights hybrid; TL, traffic lights.

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The use of sponsorship in communication has become a common marketing practice and has evoked considerable interest in marketing research. Consumer reactions have been investigated in terms of awareness and attitudinal effects. Nevertheless, the efficiency of sponsorship remains uncertain. Research on the integration of sponsorship messages in advertisements has shown that within an Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) framework, sponsorship can alter attitude towards a brand either directly on the central route of persuasion or indirectly via attitude towards the ad (aad). The persuasion effects are likely

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