We report here the in vivo diagnostic use of a peptide-dye conjugate consisting of a cyanine dye and the somatostatin analog octreotate as a contrast agent for optical tumor imaging. When used in whole-body in vivo imaging of mouse xenografts, indotricarbocyanine-octreotate accumulated in tumor tissue. Tumor fluorescence rapidly increased and was more than threefold higher than that of normal tissue from 3 to 24 h after application. The targeting conjugate was also specifically internalized by primary human neuroendocrine tumor cells. This imaging approach, combining the specificity of ligand/receptor interaction with near-infrared fluorescence detection, may be applied in various other fields of cancer diagnosis.

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Eighty years ago, it was proposed that solid hydrogen would become metallic at sufficiently high density. Despite numerous investigations, this transition has not yet been experimentally observed. More recently, there has been much interest in the analog of this predicted metallic transition in the dense liquid, due to its relevance to planetary science. Here, we show direct observation of an abrupt insulator-to-metal transition in dense liquid deuterium. Experimental determination of the location of this transition provides a much-needed benchmark for theory and may constrain the region of hydrogen-helium immiscibility and the boundary-layer pressure in standard models of the internal structure of gas-giant planets.

The amount and distribution of heavy elements in Jupiter gives indications on the process of its formation and evolution. Core mass and metallicity predictions however depend on the equations of state used, and on model assumptions. We present an improved ab initio hydrogen equation of state, H-REOS.2 and compute the internal structure and thermal evolution of Jupiter within the standard three-layer approach. The advance over our previous Jupiter models with H-REOS.1 by Nettelmann et al. (2008) is that the new models are also consistent with the observed 2 times solar heavy element abundances in Jupiter's atmosphere. Such models have a rock core mass M c = 0-8 M ⊕ , total mass of heavy elements M Z = 28-32 M ⊕ , a deep internal layer boundary at ≥ 4 Mbar, and a cooling time of 4.4-5.0 Gyrs when assuming homogeneous evolution. We also calculate two-layer models in the manner of Militzer et al. (2008) and find a comparable large core of 16-21 M ⊕ , out of which ∼ 11 M ⊕ is helium, but a significantly higher envelope metallicity of 4.5× solar. According to our preferred three-layer models, neither the characteristic frequency (ν 0 ∼ 156 µHz) nor the normalized moment of inertia (λ∼ 0.276) are sensitive to the core mass but accurate measurements could well help to rule out some classes of models. Subject headings: planets and satellites: individual(Jupiter) -equation of state

We present new equations of state (EOS) for hydrogen and helium covering a wide range of temperatures from 60 K to 10 7 K and densities from 10 −10 g/cm 3 to 10 3 g/cm 3 . They include an extended set of ab initio EOS data for the strongly correlated quantum regime with an accurate connection to data derived from other approaches for the neighboring regions. We compare linear-mixing isotherms based on our EOS tables with available real-mixture data. A first important astrophysical application of this new EOS data is the calculation of interior models for Jupiter and the comparison with recent results. Secondly, mass-radius relations are calculated for Brown Dwarfs which we compare with predictions derived from the widely used EOS of Saumon, Chabrier and van Horn. Furthermore, we calculate interior models for typical Brown Dwarfs with different masses, namely Corot-3b, Gliese-229b and Corot-15b, and the Giant Planet KOI-889b. The predictions for the central pressures and densities differ by up to 10% dependent on the EOS used. Our EOS tables are made available in the supplemental material of this paper. Subject headings: equation of state -dense matter -plasmas -stars: low-mass, brown dwarfs -planets and satellites: individual(Jupiter)