It has already been empirically verified that for many Bronze Age monuments erected in Scotland between 1400-900 BC, there was a concerted effort on behalf of the builders to align their monuments to astronomical bodies on the horizon. It has also been found that there are two common sets of complex landscape and astronomical patternings, combining specific horizon qualities (like distance and elevation) with the rising and setting points of particular astronomical phenomena. However, it has only been very recently demonstrated by us that that the visible astronomical-landscape variables found at Bronze Age sites on the inner isles and mainland of western Scotland were first established nearly two millennia earlier, with the erection of the mooted first standing-stone 'great circles' in Britain: Callanish and Stenness of Scotland. In this paper we demonstrate the connection between all of these monuments and the large LN circles south of Scotland, namely those of Castlerigg and Swinside in Cumbria, England.

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Bagrus Capensis 8 ECHINOKHINUS OBESUS. square ; the ventral fins short, broader behind than at their bases, and their posterior edges slightly undulated ; the caudal fin entire, somewhat triangular and slightly falciform, the upper portion high above the line of the back, the lower scarcely below the line of the body immediately in front of it. Lateral line very distinct, commencing above branchial openings, and extending nearly without curve or undulation to the commencement of the caudal fin, from thence it ascends the latter, and extends along it, nearer to its anterior than posterior edge, until it reaches its upper extremity ; at its origin this line is nearer to the middle of the back than the base of the pectoral fin ; to the touch it feels slightly rough, which arises from its being beset with a number of minute prickles, which are most distinctly seen in preserved specimens. The surface of the skin both on the body and fins is more or less sprinkled with strong bony-looking spines, with large circular and flattened bases, which are striated from the centre towards the circumference. These spines vary in size as well as form, some being hooked, others quite straight ; in some places they are disposed in clusters, in others they are solitary, and on the extremity of the muzzle are nearly wanting. The appendages to the ventral fins in the male seldom extend much beyond their posterior margins. DIMENSIONS. Feet. Inches. Length from the tip of the nose to the end of the caudal fin 6 65 the inquiry, as deserving the attention of those naturalists who have an opportunity of examining specimens of the European species. The sacs to which I allude, two in number, lie under the skin of the abdomen, immediately in front of the anus, are of a pyriform shape, and each, by means of a narrow duct, opens into the longitudinal groove, which exists on the inner side of each anal appendage. In none of the sacs which I examined was I able to detect any fluid beyond what was barely sufficient to lubricate their inner surfaces, and from whence it proceeded I could not discover; no glandular structure was noticed. Farther enquiries, I have no doubt, will shew them to be essential to the proper performance of the functions belonging to the appendages; and as tending to give probability to that supposition, I may merely observe that by injecting water into one of these sacs, the corresponding appendage was distended to a great size, and its apex expanded, flattened, and rendered well adapted for fixing upon, or seizing extraneous bodies.

The chief external differences between the male and female consist in the latter wanting the anal appendages, and having the fins, particularly the pectoral ones, proportionably smaller. In the course of several years during which the fishermen of Cape Town were engaged by me in collecting cartilaginous fishes, only a very few specimens of this species were obtained.Their want of success, however, probably arose more from the species resorting to situations little visited by fishermen during their ordinary avocations, than from the scarcity of specimens. It feeds upon mollusca, Crustacea, Sfc, and in quest of these it haunts principally the rocky, or broken parts of the coast.Specimens of this species are occasionally procured, in which the ground colour, similar to that described, is freely spotted with dusky black blotches, very various as to size.As I have not had an opportunity of ascertaining whether the males of the species of this genius are provided with sacs, similar to those which occur in several of the other genera of the Squalidce, and which sacs appear to be connected with the anal appendages, I would suggest the inquiry, as deserving the attention of those naturalists who have an opportunity of examining specimens of the European species. The sacs to which I allude, two in number, lie under the skin of the abdomen, immediately in front of the anus, are of a pyriform shape, and each, by means of a narrow duct, opens into the longitudinal groove, which exists on the inner side of each anal appendage. In none of the sacs which I examined was I able to detect any fluid beyond what was barely sufficient to lubricate their inner surfaces, and from whence it proceeded I could not discover; no glandular structure was noticed. Farther enquiries, I have no doubt, will shew them to be essential to the proper performance of the functions belonging to the appendages; and as tending to give probability to that supposition, I may merely observe that by injecting water into one of these sacs, the corresponding appendage was distended to a great size, and its apex expanded, flattened, and rendered well adapted for fixing upon, or seizing extraneous bodies. * The notes descriptive of the colours of the fish, as they appeared when it was caught, have been mislaid.