No abstract

The total microbial diversity and community in submerged sediments near mining sites, transition and intact sites at Cikidang River, Banten were assessed using 16S rDNA sequence data and biodiversity indices. Assessed water quality parameters in the river were water current, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, redox potential, salinity, temperature and turbidity. Microbial alpha diversity used were Shannon diversity index, ChaoI index and Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). These analyses indicated a total of 50 taxa of sediment microbes. Based on Shannon diversity index, the highest value was observed at mining site. High abundant microbes in sediments at mining sites for phylum, class, order, family and genera levels were represented by Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Pseudomonadales, Moraxellaceae, and Acinetobacter, respectively. In contrast, high abundant microbes in the sediment of the intact site for each taxon consisted of Firmicutes, Alphaproteobacteria, Erysipelotrichales, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Erysipelothrix. The water quality of mining sites was characterised by alkaline pH (8.807, 95% CI: 8.624 - 8.990) and lower redox potential (59.000 mV, 95% CI: 36.233 - 81.767) that differed significantly from the intact sites (P<0.05). This study also confirmed that mining sites have a higher genus diversity. Research on potential microbes of related genus as bioremediators could be recommended for further study.

Improved service area coverage and response times by mobile fire response units is key to successful fire suppression and risk reduction. In this paper, the challenges of fire suppression in remote island communities are investigated. Small islands not only have limited firefighting equipment and resources but also face significant transportation problems. This study examines Pari, an island in the Pulau Seribu archipelago in Indonesia, to understand the planning and management of mobile fire units (MFUs) for improving effective response and suppression. Like other communities in developing countries, Pari Island uses small three-wheeled MFU vehicles to respond to emergencies in densely populated settlements with narrow roads and limited access. This study reviews environmental, roadway, vehicle, and operating requirements to support planning, management, and operations of MFUs. Service area coverages were estimated using geographic information system tools to investigate factors such as hose length and constraints based on the transportation infrastructure and exposure to fire hazards. Based on existing conditions, increasing hose length to 20 m would increase the coverage of the MFU service area by two times that of the existing service. The use of a 30-m hose could provide coverage to over 96% of residential structures on Pari Island. In addition to describing the analytical tools including coverage zones, receiver operating characteristic, and area under the curve metrics to support MFU planning and operations, this paper highlights other initiatives that could increase resilience against fires and other hazards threatening small island communities.

One of the threats to the natural ecosystem is urbanization. The deforestation and development of settlements have caused fragmented natural habitat, vegetation cover reduction, and decline of biodiversity. In urban, one of the mammalian groups that can adapt to the presence of settlement is the Chiroptera group or commonly known as bats. One of the areas that have experienced rapid urbanization was located in West Java. Considering this condition, this study aims to study the impact of urbanization and the potential use of Chiroptera as an urbanization bioindicator. The method used was line transect across the landscape mosaic located in 2 urbanized areas in West Java, i.e., Bekasi and Depok. There was 3 line transects in each area. Three locations were selected from each transect and sampled with 3 replications. The density of Chiroptera and the percentage of vegetation covers were observed along transects. In total, there were 18 observations. The study confirms the presence of fragmented landscape with vegetation cover mean ranged from 39.8%/100 m2 (95% CI: 20.4% to 59.2%). to 65.3%/100 m2 (95% CI: 52.5% to 78.1%). While the density of Chiroptera mean ranges were 2.18 inds. /100 m2 (95% CI: 1.44 to 2.92)-2.85 inds./100 m2 (95% CI: 0.98 to 4.72). There was a significant positive correlation (p = 0.004, r= 0.630) between vegetation cover and Chiroptera abundance. Based on the correlation, the less fragmented landscape was indicated by high Chiroptera abundance.

One challenge in managing fire hazards in an urban setting is how to optimize the fire service route, increase the response time, and increase service coverage. Recently, this challenge is becoming imminent due to road traffic congestion and insufficient road widths that are common in populated cities in the Southeast Asia regions. One of the urban fire hotspots in populated Jakarta City is Pekojan Urban Village, Tambora Subdistrict. This subdistrict is served by Angke Fire Station located in Pekojan’s southwestern parts. Then this research aims to evaluate and compare optimized routes for fire vehicle dispatched from Angke Fire Station  to serve 12 neighborhood units (in Bahasa is RW) in Pekojan. The method used the route optimization and network analysis tools in Geographic Information System (GIS) and its related geospatial data including neighborhood units, road networks, traffic congestion, and fire station locations. Geospatial network analysis of data by GIS has an advantage as a method to design and analyze the routing strategy and determine the most optimized route for fire vehicles. Based on the results and with the fire vehicle speed of 40 km/h, the average optimized route distances to travel from the fire station to RWs were 1.092 km (95%CI: 0.888-1.3 km) with an average response time of 1.638 minutes (95%CI: 0.869-2.41 min.). According to the GIS, model, response time of 1 minute only covers 22.77% of Pekojan areas. By increasing response time to 2 minutes, then fire vehicle can cover 98.9% of Pekojan area (AIC= 0.06). Despite the fact that the fire vehicle routes and response times can be optimized, those routes are challenged by the road traffic congestion. This congestion limits the speeds of fire vehicles to less than 20 km/h, as observed in 11.59%  of the optimized routes. The service coverages of fire vehicles was also limited due to the narrow street.