The thermally stimulated and tunneling luminescence spectra of X‐irradiated KCl and KBr, as well as thermal bleaching and thermally stimulated current of X‐irradiated KBr are studied at 4.2 to 77 K. The activation energies of I‐ and H‐centre thermal diffusion are determined. The possibilities of radiative tunneling charge transfer and radiative recombination of the F‐ and H‐centres, as well as possible mechanisms of I‐centre production are considered.

The introduction of information and communication technology (ICT) to the educational system of Latvia has implemented infrastructural planning since 1985 (Grinfelds, 1996). The initial plan envisaged equipping schools (mainly secondary schools) and institutions of higher education with computer sets, and training teachers and university faculty. A new subject -informatics -was introduced in secondary schools. A new syllabus was designed and, subsequently, textbooks and study aids were published. Teachers of mathematics and physics were the first to be trained. These original teachers of informatics then started teaching this new subject. ICT integration in education system of Latvia is analysed taking into account results of international comparative educational studies (IEA COMPED and SITES). The implementation of ICT into the curriculum foreign language teachers-to-be at the University of Latvia and in schools is analysed and the results of the survey are presented. L'intégration de TICV dans la formation des maîtres et différentes disciplines scolaires en LithuanieL'introduction des TIC dans le système éducatif de la Lithuanie a conduit à une planification des structures depuis 1985 (Grinfelds, 1996). Le plan initial envisageait l'équiper les écoles (surtout secondaires) et les institutions d'enseignement supérieur avec des ordinateurs et de former les enseignants et les universitaires. Une nouvelle discipline l'informatique á eté introduite dans les écoles secondaires. On a crée de nouveaux programmes et par suite des livres et d'autres moyens d'enseignement ont été publiés. Les enseignants de mathématiques et de physique furent les premiers formés. Ces premiers enseignants en mathématiques ont ensuite commencé à enseigner cette nouvelle discipline. Integration von ICT in die Lehrerbildung und in verschiedene Schulfächer in LettlandDie Einführung von ICT (Informations-und Kommunikationstechnologie) in das Bildungssystem von Lettland hat seit 1985(Grinfelds, 1996 zu infrastrukturellen Planungen geführt. Die Anfangsplanung sah vor, Schulen (hauptsächlich Sekundarschulen) und Einrichtungen weiterführender Bildung mit Computeranlagen auszustatten sowie Lehrer und Universitätsangehörige auszubilden. Ein neues Fach -Informatik -wurde in weiterführenden Schulen eingeführt, dazu ein neuer Lehrplan entworfen, anschließend wurden Lehrbücher und Studienhilfen herausgegeben. Mathematik-und Physiklehrer waren die ersten, die darin ausgebildet wurden. Diese ursprünglichen Informatiklehrer begannen dann, das neue Thema zu lehren.

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Education in Latvia has changed a great deal in the last 15 years. The development of an independent and democratic state system has creatively combined elements of foreign experience and influence with the enrichment and further development of features of the earlier Latvian system. This article outlines the main steps in this process of change and then goes on to argue that there is still much to be done: firstly, to consolidate and secure the developments to date, and secondly, to enable a successful functioning within the EU in a rapidly changing wider context.