This research was conducted to study the effect of fertilizer types and photoperiod on the nutrient content of regrowth I on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The variables measured were nutrient content i.e dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and crude fat (CF). The research applied statistical analysis Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern 5x3 and t-test. If it resulted in a significant effect, it was continued with Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). The first factor was types of fertilizer consisted of P0=control, P1=green fertilizer and dolomite, P2=manure, green fertilizer and dolomite, P3=dolomite, and P4=green fertilizer® and dolomite. The second factor was the photoperiod consisted of C0=12 h, C1=16 h, and C3=20 h. The results showed that the fertilizer types treatments were significantly affected (P<0,05) regrowth I DM, and regrowth I CF. While photoperiod treatment were significantly affected (P<0,05) regrowth I DM, regrowth I OM, and regrowth I CF. The interaction between the types of fertilizer and photoperiod treatment was significantly affected (P<0,05) regrowth I DM and CF. Based on research results, it can be concluded that the types of green fertilizer from PIAT and dolomite to produce the nutrient content regrowth I was the highest, resulting in 22,18% DM, 29,32% CP, 9,38% CF respectively. The nutrient content of regrowth I that produce the highest results of photoperiod was 12 h = 28,80% CP, 16 h = 20,92% DM, 20 h = 89,38% OM, 9,16% CF.

Aims This in vitro study aimed to examine the effect of proportions of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit) to Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) or levels of corn oil (CO) and their interaction on ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) production and fatty acid profile. Methods The experiment was conducted as a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement following a completely randomised design with two factors. The treatments were according to the proportion of Leucaena and Napier grass (in g/kg DM, Treatment (T)1 = 0:750 (control), T2 = 250:500, T3 = 500:250, T4 = 750:0). Three levels of CO (in mg rumen fluid, CO1 = 0, CO2 = 10, CO3 = 20 respectively) were added to each of the diet, giving a total 12 dietary treatments. Key results Replacing Napier grass with Leucaena at 500 g/kg (T3) and 750 g/kg (T4) levels increased the molar volatile fatty acid concentration, microbial protein synthesis (P &lt; 0.001) and ammonia nitrogen concentration (P = 0.003), whereas ruminal protozoa concomitantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05). The addition of CO at 10 mg also reduced the number of ruminal protozoa compared with the control (P &lt; 0.001). A significant Leucaena × CO interaction was observed on the increase of ammonia nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis, and CH4 production was simultaneously suppressed (P &lt; 0.001). There was also a significant Leucaena × CO interaction on increasing concentration of C18:1 cis-9, C18:2 cis-10 cis-12 and α-linolenic acid, which thus contributed to the increase of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids accumulation in the culture (P &lt; 0.001). However, the concentration of C18:0 was not influenced by the treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Conclusion This study demonstrated that the inclusion of Leucaena into a Napier grass-based diet at 500 g/kg and 750 g/kg DM positively affected rumen fermentation, reduced CH4 formation and increased beneficial fatty acids in the rumen. Although CO had similar positive effects on CH4 production and targeted beneficial fatty acids, it reduced the microbial protein synthesis at inclusion of 20 mg/mL DM. Overall, there were synergistic interactions between Leucaena and CO in reducing CH4 production and improving the fatty acid profile in the rumen. Implications It is possible to improve animal productivity while reducing the environmental impact of livestock production through inclusion of tannin-containing Leucaena and CO in ruminant diets in tropical regions where C4 grasses typically have low nutritive value.

The animal procedure herein used was approved by the Ethical Clearance Committee, and it was performed following the Guidelines of Animal Use of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia. Animal, diets, and feed analysisForty Friesian Holstein cows in their mid-lactation were selected from the Livestock Farm Complex (Dairy Community) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia during the wet and dry seasons. The cows (average body weight 421.7±28.6 kg) were on 1 st to 3 rd lactation. The experimental animals were reared in a semi-open housing system with a concrete floor, covered with rubber mats, and supplied with feeders and automatic drinkers. The roofs were made of asbestos roofing material, and the house was constructed in an east-west direction. Daily temperature and humidity are generally high during the Abstract This study was conducted to determine the nutrient status, changes in the hematological and selected blood metabolites profile of mid-lactating dairy cows during wet and dry seasons under Indonesia's tropical environment. Forty mid-lactating FH cows were selected from the Livestock Farm Complex (Dairy Community) in Yogyakarta, with an average body weight of 421.77±28.60 kg and 1 st to 3 rd lactation. They were housed in a semi-open housing system with concrete flooring covered with rubber mats and provided with feeders and drinkers. They were fed twice daily, and drinking water was given ad libitum. Measurements were made on the intakes of feed (and nutrients). The variables measured were nutrient intakes, blood hematology, and metabolites profile and measured over two seasons, namely wet and dry seasons. The results of the measurements made were compared using independent t-test analysis. The result indicated that intake of CP, RLYM, RNEUT, NEUT, RBC, HGB, MCV, MCHC, MPV, albumin, urea nitrogen, and total protein was differed significantly (P < 0.05) between wet and dry seasons, respectively. It was concluded that the nutrient status of mid-lactating dairy cows in the wet season was higher than during the dry season, especially the intake of CP. In the wet season, it has a positive effect on the basic hematological parameters.

The goal of this study was to ascertain the impact of soybean meal's temperature and heating duration as undegraded protein (UDP) on Bali cattle's dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) degradation kinetics. Soybean meal is a feed ingredient with high protein content, which is about 48%, and is rapidly degraded in the rumen. In this investigation, a  factorial design was employed with the first factor being temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120°C), and the second factor being heating time (10, 20, 30, and 40 min). Protected soybean meal was tested for degradation using the in sacco technique on the rumen of fistulous Bali cattle. A sample of 5.0 g was put into a nylon bag and then for 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 h in the rumen, then analyzed for feed residues for DM and OM. The results showed that soybean meal protected by the heating method could reduce the degradation of DM and OM in the rumen (p<0.05). Heating at 120°C for 40 min showed the lowest DM and OM degradations in this study.