Europe’s ambition to be the first climate-neutral continent and to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will result in changes to the energy systems of many countries. This overlaps with the principles of circular economy, energy independence, and the continuity of operations enshrined in many national and regional documents. From the above, a scenario based on renewable resources emerges. However, in a country such as Poland, with conventional energy sources and large state participation in the sector, is this feasible? The authors assumed that the urgent need for a turbulence-sensitive analysis of energy sector changes can be met by using a new view, defined by the authors as a matrix of four oceans scenarios. Black, Grey, Red and Green scenarios are determined by the proportion of the state and the local-community sector. Then, assuming the possibility of introducing two of them by 2050—Green (radical) and Red (competitive)—empirical research was carried out on a purposively selected group of experts. The business model of the sector was analyzed in terms of six links that create economic and social value: energy sources, energy producers, transmission networks with infrastructure, energy storage, energy system management and energy consumers. According to experts, development of business model links will be based on the Red scenario. Thus, we get a picture of a model that should be considered by politicians, scientists, as well as a wide audience that absorbs the effects of environmental pollution.

Purpose:The aim of the article was to analyse the correlation between financial liquidity and the competitiveness of enterprises from defense industry enterprises. Design/Methodology/Approach: The solutions were developed on the basis of literature analysis, case study, document analysis. As part of the case study were used diagnostic and prognostic sheets, as well as the analysis of source documents. The analysis of financial liquidity was performed using the induction method, which includes examination of details, generalization in the form of conclusions, synthetic evaluation and diagnosis. The time scope of the research covered the period 2015-2018. Four defense companies in the world were selected for the purpose of the research. Findings: The analysis of four enterprises from the defense industry shows connection between the financial situation (measured by liquidity ratios) and the competitiveness of the surveyed companies. The most stable company, one of the leading defense in the world, is Northrop Grumman. In turn, United Aircraft is characterized by a large dispersion of results and negative values of cash flows from operational activities. The article is also an overview of competitiveness, showing the diversity in managing the resources of an economic unit, and indicates practical guidelines for the use of methods and interpretation of the financial liquidity ratios of enterprises. Practical Implications: The results of the research can be used by company managers, both from the defense industry and others, to create mechanisms that increase competitiveness. Originality/Value: The study is a new contribution to research into the competitiveness of defense companies. The aspects of the competitiveness of defense enterprises on the basis of liquidity ratios remained beyond the area of scientific interest.

The aim of this article is to identify important factors that determine the strategy of the energy sector. It has been assumed that the determinants of this strategy are goals related to the energy security of a European Union member state and the reduction of environmental pollution and anthropogenic pressures. Therefore, this article uses the method of the strategic analysis of critical success factors (CSFs), applied to the energy sector. As the name implies, in this method, factors that determine energy strategies, relating to the economic, technological, political, social and ecological spheres, were identified. Poland served as a case study. Research was carried out by experts in the energy sector and people working with this sector in order to determine the significance of the most important CSFs related to the energy security strategy. This approach is based on an evolutionary approach to creating a security strategy. The proposed analysis is a new proposal for a sectorial analysis based on the application of benchmarking, taking into account, in particular, the current conditions for the development of the energy sector. Our findings indicate that: European Union countries have different energy strategies, resulting from an evolutionary approach. The member states of the European Union create individual solutions in the field of energy strategies, which are conditioned by many factors, the most important of which are the geographic and physical location of a country on the European continent, economic and social contexts, and environmental as well as political conditions. According to Polish experts, the key success factors in building an energy strategy stem mainly from the economic and political areas, followed by the technological area, while the environmental and social areas are the least important. The authors hope that the article will serve to popularize the use of CSFs in scientific research, which can then translate into improved government policies for the energy sector.

The article presents the possibilities of using the animalization test included in the marketing research methods (more broadly qualitative research) to carry out analyzes of the defense capabilities and the potential of threats. Information obtained by the application of this method is an illustrative assessment of potentials and can be used to verify quantitative data presenting the defense capabilities of the Republic of Poland.

She is interested in issues of management, and in particular, strategic analysis, including the construction and implementation of strategies.