Key neuropathological changes associated with late-onset dementia are not fully understood. Population-based longitudinal studies offer an opportunity to step back and examine which pathological indices best link to clinical state. CC75C is a longitudinal study of the population aged 75 and over at baseline in Cambridge, UK. We report on the first 213 participants coming to autopsy with sufficient information for an end of life dementia diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis was ascertained by examining retrospective informant interviews, survey responses, and death certificates according to DSM-IV criteria. The neuropathological protocol was based on the Consortium to Establish a Registry of Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD). Clinical dementia was present in 113 participants (53%): 67% with Alzheimer's disease, 4% vascular dementia, 22% mixed dementia, and 1% dementia with Lewy bodies. As Alzheimer-type pathology was common, the mutually blinded clinical and neuropathological diagnoses were not strongly related. Multivariable analysis identified associations between dementia during life and entorhinal cortex neuritic plaques, hippocampal diffuse plaques, neocortical neurofibrillary tangles, white matter pallor, Lewy bodies, and hippocampal atrophy. These results were consistent in those with clinical Alzheimer's disease. Vascular pathologies, especially microinfarcts, were more common in those with clinical diagnoses including vascular dementia. Alzheimer-type and cerebrovascular pathology are both common in the very old. A greater burden of these pathologies, Lewy bodies, and hippocampal atrophy, are associated with a higher risk of, but do not define, clinical dementia in old age.

We report a unique longitudinal epidemiological study of cognitive decline in the elderly population of the city of Cambridge, UK. A population sample of people aged 75 and over was surveyed between 1984-1996 (n = 2,616) and followed 2.4, 6, and 9 years later. CAMDEX diagnostic criteria were used for clinical assessment, and the neuropathological protocol (in 101 cases) was based on the CERAD method, with additional features to allow Braak staging of neurofibrillary pathology. The main findings are of the heterogeneity of lesions to be found in very old populations, and the existence of considerable overlap in the pathologies found in the demented and nondemented. It seems that white matter (ischemic) pallor an amyloid angiopathy, as well as neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and Lewy body formation are all lesions that increase the likelihood of dementia.

By tracking the records of individual looked after children from GCSE back through Key Stages 3, 2 and 1, Angela O'Sullivan and Rob Westerman were able to show a steady widening of the gap between their attainment and that of children not in care. Despite weaknesses in local authority data, the evidence is clear that the frequency and timing of placement and school moves play a crucial part in preventing children in care from achieving the levels predicted by their earlier Key Stage grades. The article concludes with practical suggestions for change.

Interactive experiences are rapidly becoming popular via the surge of 'escape rooms'; part game and part theatre, the 'escape' experience is exploding globally, having gone from zero offered at the outset of 2010 to at least 2800 different experiences available worldwide today. CrashEd is an interactive learning experience that parallels many of the attractions of an escape room Á it incorporates a staged, realistic 'crime scene' and invites participants to work together to gather forensic evidence and question a witness in order to solve a crime, all whilst competing against a ticking clock. An animation can enhance reality and engage with cognitive processes to help learning; in CrashEd, it is the last piece of the jigsaw that consolidates the students' incremental acquisition of knowledge to tie together the pieces of evidence, identify a suspect and ultimately solve the crime. This article presents the background to CrashEd and an overview of how a timely placed animation at the end of an educational experience can enhance learning. The lessons learned, from delivering bespoke versions of the experience to different demographic groups, are discussed. The article will consider the successes and challenges raised by the collaborative project, future developments and potential wider implications of the development of CrashEd.Keywords: animations; avatars; connectivism; higher education Introduction Unfortunately, a crime scene might be found anywhere. This includes the home, the workplace and anywhere within our towns, cities or on our transport systems. According to figures issued by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), there were approximately 7.8 million crimes committed against households and adults (aged 16 and over), in the year ending June 2014 (ONS 2015). Whilst this figure, according to the ONS, represented a decrease in crime overall at the time, records for individuals killed or seriously injured on our roads revealed a 4% rise for the same period (Department of Transport 2014). Fuelled by media reports of the tragic events caused by the impact of crime and their secondary representation within TV drama and documentary, society now has a largely voyeuristic relationship with crime and its investigation. According to Chermak (1994), Greer (2009) andHall (1973), amongst others, contemporary media content has seen an expansion from the lexical to a more visual interpretation of criminal behaviours and the investigative procedures employed by enforcement agencies to reduce them. It is therefore perhaps unsurprising that, like the generation before them, young people have a fascination with crime.As a catalyst for learning, texts, codes and conventions representing the content of popular crime drama, have for a number of years been increasingly employed in studies of English, Drama and Media at GCSE and A Level. There is even a suggestion that as a result of the number of TV programmes such as CSI (Crime Scene Investigation), there is the potential for influencing legal procedures. Whilst the 'CSI ef...

SUMMARYNormal neurohistology of the elderly brain is largely unstudied and unknown. Normal brains are essential as controls for postmortem investigations in longitudinal, prospective studies which aim to document and clarify the natural history of Alzheimer's disease. Ethically, consent should be sought from these subjects and their relatives at the beginning of such studies. This article reports the responses of normal and demented elderly community residents to request for brain donation. Eighty-five per cent of the normal control group and 83% of incident cases of dementia signed declarations of intent for postmortem. During the first year of brain collection, 24 of 33 donated brains have been successfully collected at postmortem. The responses and attitudes of the subjects and their relatives and the value of obtaining such consent are discussed.KEY woms-Postmortem, neurohistology, declaration of intent.