Type VII collagen is the major component of anchoring fibrils, structural elements that stabilize the attachment of the basement membrane to the underlying dermis. In this study, we have dissected the human type VII collagen gene (COL7A1) promoter to characterize the cis-elements responsible for the expression of the gene in cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Using transient cell transfections with various 5' end deletion COL7A1 promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene plasmid constructs, we determined that the region between nucleotides -524 and -456, relative to the transcription start site, is critical for high promoter activity in both cell types studied. Gel mobility shift assays using several DNA fragments spanning this region identified a GT-rich sequence between residues -512 and -505, necessary for the binding of nuclear proteins to this region of the promoter. Point mutations abolished the binding of nuclear proteins in gel shift assays and drastically diminished the activity of the promoter in transient cell transfections. Supershift assays with antibodies against various transcription factors including Sp1, Sp3, c-Jun/AP-1, and AP-2, and competition experiments with oligonucleotides containing consensus sequences for Sp1 and AP-1 binding identified Sp1 as the transcription factor binding to this region of the COL7A1 promoter. Indeed, recombinant human Sp1 was shown to bind the COL7A1 promoter GT-rich element but not its mutated form in gel mobility shift assays. In addition, co-transfection of pPacSp1, an expression vector for Sp1, together with the COL7A1 promoter/chloramphenicol acetyltransferase construct into Sp1-deficient Drosophila Schneider SL2 cells unequivocally demonstrated that Sp1 is essential for high expression of the COL7A1 gene. These data represent the first in-depth analysis of the human COL7A1 promoter transcriptional control.

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Intersectionality as a framework and praxis has gathered significance in law and the social sciences over the past 20 years. This article begins by reviewing how intersectionality has been conceptualized, as well as the implications of varying definitions attributed to intersectionality. We then explore applications of intersectionality, first in research that focuses on uncovering processes of differentiation and systems of inequality across a range of topics, including reproductive rights, colonization, religion, immigration, and political behavior. After examining these processes and systems, we turn to a second research approach that focuses on categories of difference and between-category relationships. We find that despite different views on conceptualization, application, and implications, intersectionality may nevertheless open new avenues of inquiry for scholars as well as opportunities for transformative coalition building in social movements and grassroots organizations.

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as well as the U.S. House and Senate passed unprecedented legislative resolutions apologizing for their role in the perpetuation of enslavement. This article analyzes the apology resolutions of eight states as well as those of the U.S. House and Senate to argue that their failure to recognize the historical and ongoing effects of the European Slave Trade and slavery on the United States as a whole and, most importantly, the status and well-being of African Americans, or provide any concrete remedial measure raises questions about whether or not they were designed to actually atone for these atrocities.