Vitamin D is reported to affect immune system and prevent autoimmunity. Some studies show that low vitamin D levels in patients with type 1 diabetes are associated with glycemic control and inflammatory status. The study was cross sectional design with subjects T1DM patients aged 1-18 years, and healthy subjects with similar age. Plasma levels of vitamin D (25(OH)D3) was measured using ELISA. Glycemic control measured by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Inflammatory status measured by examination of IL-10 using ELISA method. Comparison of vitamin D levels, HbA1c levels and IL-10 levels were analyzed by independent samples t-test. The relationship between vitamin D levels, HbA1c, and IL-10 were analyzed by Pearson's correlation. Our subjects were 20 T1DM patients and 20 healthy controls. Our study showed that vitamin D (25(OH)D3) levels was significantly lower than in healthy controls (20.82±5.53 ng/ml vs 33.14±2.17 ng/ml; p=0.000), HbA1c levels was significantly higher than in healthy controls (10.08±5.02% vs 5.02±0.18%; p=0.000), IL-10 levels was significantly lower than in healthy controls (16.50±4.57 ng/ml vs 73.52±7.11 ng/ml; p=0.000). Vitamin D levels were correlated with HbA1c (p= 0.000; r=-0.871), correlated with IL-10 (p= 0.000; r= 0.853). HbA1c levels were correlated with IL-10 levels (p= 0.000; r=-0.878). Low vitamin D levels are common in T1DM patients. There were significant differences in vitamin D levels, IL-10, and HbA1c among T1DM patients compared to normal subjects. Vitamin D levels were associated with HbA1c levels and IL-10 levels in T1DM.

Background: Colostrum contains various bioactive compounds that have various roles and potentials in preventing the occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). EGF and IGF-1 are growth factors found in breast milk colostrum in the form of polypeptides that play a role in regulating and stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation processes. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between EGF and IGF-1 levels in breast milk colostrum with the occurrence of NEC in neonates. Methods: This analytical observational study was conducted at Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang during June-August 2019 on mothers and neonates who were breastfed. Maternal colostrum was collected at 72 hours postpartum, while NEC incidence in infants was determined prospectively. EGF and IGF-1 levels in colostrum were examined using the ELISA method. The data were processed by SPSS 21 program and analyzed using Spearman’s test and logistic regression. Results: 24 mother and baby pair samples were included in the study. The mean level of EGF in maternal colostrum was 466±304 ng/ml, and the mean level of IGF-1 was 1.99±0.96 ng/ml with no significant difference in levels based on gestational age. There is a strong negative correlation between the levels of EGF (r = -0.630; p=0.001) and IGF-1 (r = -0.646; p=0.001) on the occurrence of NEC. With the regression test, there was no significant effect between the levels of IGF-1 (p=0.995) and EGF (p=0.997) on NEC occurrence. Conclusion: EGF and IGF-1 levels have a significant relationship to the occurrence of NEC. The higher levels of EGF and IGF-1 contained in breast milk colostrum reduced the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.

Micronutrien deficiency in severe malnutrition will reduce antioxidant capacity that needed for oxidative stress defense. Cysteine, a non-essential amino acid, is one of an important component for reduced gluthatione (GSH). This study aims to prove the difference between the levels of cysteine, MDA and GSH levels in children with marasmic malnutrition and well-nourished children and prove whether there is a relationship between those parameters. Fiftysix patients participated in this study were grouped into two groups of samples that were marasmic type malnutrition group (28 patients) and control groups that were well nourished group (28 patients). Examination begins with a complete laboratory screening, followed by examination of cysteine, MDA and GSH level. Of the 28 patients included in marasmic type malnutrition group consisting of 15 male patients (53.6%) and 13 female patients (46.4%), while the well-nourished group consisted of 13 male patients (46.4%) and 15 female patients (53.6%). The average age is 54.61±56.35 months in the group of marasmic type malnutrition and 48.25±45.34 months in the wellnourished group. By using the Mann Whitney test, there were significant difference between the levels of cysteine and GSH in marasmic malnutrition and control group (p=0.000 and p=0.000 respectively). Spearman correlation test between cysteine and GSH levels, cysteine and MDA levels, MDA and GSH levels in marasmic malnutrition children shows no significant correlation (R = -0.206, p = 0.294; R = -0.036, p = 0.856; R = 0.210, p = 0.284 respectively). In well-nourished group Spearman correlation test between cysteine and GSH levels, cysteine and MDA levels, MDA and GSH levels also shows no significant correlation (R = -0.053, p=0.789; R = -0.146, p = 0.458; R = -0.079, p = 0.688 respectively). From this study it can be concluded that there are significant differences of the levels of cysteine and GSH between severe malnutrition groups compared with the control one. But this study shows no significant correlation between the levels of cysteine and GSH levels in marasmic type malnutrition and well-nourished children.

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Breast milk contains several active biological components such as epidermal growth factor (EGF). Colostrum breast milk have much biological components than mature breast milk. Endogenous infection only increases the level of fecal IL-8. However, study that discusses the relationship between breast milk EGF and IL-8 cytokine inside neonate digestive system is not yet present. Thus, this study aimed to discover the relationship of EGF in the breast milk process stagefrom the colostrum to the transitional, and the fecal Interleukin-8 inflammatory cytokine on neonates. There were 24 neonates that categorized into four study sample groups (atterm neonates, mild preterm neonates, very preterm neonates, and extremely preterm neonates). The EGF level in the breast milk was gained from neonate age of 3 rd day for colostrum breast milk and 10 th day for transitional breast milk from both preterm and atterm neonates. Based on ANOVA test, the mean EGF of atterm neonate colostrum milk was higher (776,25 ± 877; p = 0,0013) compared to the preterm neonate, and so was the mean EGF of atterm neonate transitional milk (645,48 ± 296; p = 0,0001). Statistical test using Pearson test and Bartlett's test indicated a relationship (p=0.000) and r = -0.4207 that showed negative correlation between EGF level in breastmilk with IL-8 fecal neonates.