In surveys of apple (Malus domestica) orchards in various parts of Himachal Pradesh, samples from trees showing necrotic symptoms on the leaves were collected and tested for detection of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) initially by ELISA followed by RT-PCR using coat protein gene primers. Positive results were obtained in samples from Kullu and Kalpa regions. The virus gene sequences showed 88-97% similarity to corresponding sequences of other PNRSV isolates deposited in the GenBank database using ncbi.nih.nlm.gov. Although the similarity was high, there were some distinct differences with the Spanish isolate. This is the first report of PNRSV in apple from India.

This chapter focuses primarily on the molecular engineering of shape, size, texture, phytonutrient levels and volatiles in tomato fruit, and also makes reference to genetic engineering studies in other fruit crops.

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