The Upper Rewa Sandstone Formation of the Rewa Group in the Vindhyan basin is composed mainly of medium to very fine grained, iron pigmented arenaceous rocks variously interpreted as fluvial, marine or continental deposits. The Upper Rewa Sandstone Formation consists of channelized, laterally shifting sand bodies comprising 1-2 m thick fining upward (FU) sharply/erosionally based cycles. Each shoaling bar cycle is characterized by presence of large scale planar and trough cross-bedding, horizontal bedding showing primary parting lineation, wave and current ripples, herringbone cross-bedding and tidal bundles with double mud-drapes and indicates marine environment of deposition and rule out the possibility of continental sedimentation. However, channelized nature of sand bodies composed of shoaling bar cycles with signatures of wave modification and exposure in the lower part of the succession and well developed horizontally bedded lithofacies showing primary parting lineation and well sorted character of sandstones in the upper part of the succession may imply deposition under subtidal to intertidal setting in estuarine to bordering beach environments. The palaeocurrent study shows polymodal to bimodal and unimodal palaeocurrent patterns. The dominant polymodal palaeocurrent patterns with temporal trends directed towards NW, N and SW also corroborate marine origin and sediment dispersal under combined action of wave and currents. Petrographically, sandstone is quartzarenite and consists of mostly monocrystalline quartz, feldspar, mica, rock-fragments and heavy minerals such as hypersthene, zircon, hornblende, tourmaline, rutile, augite, kyanite and andalusite indicating sediment contribution from mixed sedimentary/metamorphic and igneous source terrain. Qm-F-Lt and Qt- F-Lt plots reveal that the Upper Rewa Sandstone Formation shows continental block province with stable craton (C) and in uplifted basement (B) where C>B.

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BackgroundHypospadias surgery has been continuously evolving, although there is no single technique which can be said to be perfect and suitable for all types of hypospadias. Tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty (Snodgrass procedure) is presently the most common surgical procedure performed for distal penile hypospadias (DPH). The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of TIP urethroplasty using Dartos flap (DF) and spongioplasty as second layer in DPH.MethodsA total of 30 patients of DPH were repaired using TIP urethroplasty with DF or spongioplasty as second layer from January 2017 to June 2018. Out of 30 patients, TIP with DF was done in 15 patients (group A) and TIP with spongioplasty was done in the remaining 15 patients (group B). Preoperative mean age and weight were comparable in both groups. Postoperative complications, namely, postoperative edema, residual chordee, urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF), meatal stenosis and final cosmesis, were recorded.ResultsIn both groups, complications included postoperative edema (Gp A-1Gp B-1), residual chordee (Gp A-1, Gp B-1), UCF (Gp A-3, Gp B-4), meatal stenosis (Gp A-1, Gp B-5) and poor cosmesis (Gp A-3, Gp B-4). Wound infection was managed with appropriate antibiotics, and meatal stenosis responded to calibration in five patients.Although it seems that DF has a better outcome clinically, the difference between the two techniques was statistically not significant.ConclusionDF as an additional cover to TIP is associated with an acceptable complication and has good cosmesis compared with spongioplasty; however, the difference is not statistically significant.

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